释义和例句译文目前只有英文。
6 级 · 第 1 册
“准—”：即将具有的身份
“准—”: an anticipated status
“准—”放在某些身份名称前，表示即将正式取得这一身份。课文中的“准大学生”指已经收到录取通知、尚未正式入学的人。这种用法常见于日常介绍和新闻报道，不是正式的学籍名称。
例句
- 这场介绍会面向已经收到录取通知的准大学生。This information session is for future university students who have already received admission offers.
- 几位准毕业生正在准备毕业展览。Several students about to graduate are preparing their graduation exhibition.
“—式”：方式或形式
“—式”: a method or form
“—式”可以接在某些表示活动或特点的词语后，构成表示方式或形式的词。“问答式学习”以提问和回答来组织学习，“讨论式教学”则通过讨论展开教学。这些词常放在名词前作修饰语，也可以用于“采用……式”的表达。
例句
- 这门课采用讨论式教学，学生需要在课前读完指定材料。This course uses a discussion-based approach, and students need to finish the assigned reading before class.
- 这篇问答式文章用几个具体问题介绍了植物的生长过程。This question-and-answer article introduces how plants grow through several specific questions.
1. “人家”的指代
Reference with 人家
“人家”可以指说话双方之外的人。课文中，“人家还要去接弟弟呢”里的“人家”，指前一句谈到的那位同伴。上下文需要让听者知道说的是谁。“人家”常见于口语，有时带有为对方解释或提醒听者考虑对方处境的语气。
例句
- 他已经答应帮忙了，让人家先把自己的事做完吧。He has already agreed to help. Let him finish his own work first.
- 在熟人之间轻松的口语中，说话人有时也用“人家”指自己，带一点撒娇或轻微抱怨的语气。正式介绍自己的情况时，一般用“我”。In relaxed conversation between people who know each other well, a speaker may also use 人家 to refer to themselves, with an affectionate or mildly complaining tone. 我 is generally used when presenting one's situation formally.
- 甲：你怎么还没到？A: Why aren't you here yet?
2. “也好”：接受提议 也好:
accepting a suggestion
“也好”可以单独回应一个提议，表示接受；也可以接在提议的内容后。它常表示这个安排可以考虑或可以接受，语气比较温和。
例句
- 甲：我们散会后再慢慢聊吧。A: Let's talk properly after the meeting.
- 乙：也好，现在大家都在等。B: That sounds good. Everyone is waiting now.
- 周六去也好，那天我们都有时间。Saturday would work too. We're both free that day.
比较中的“与……不同” 与……不同
in comparisons
“甲与乙不同”指出比较的两项存在差别。要说明差别在哪里，可以把比较的方面放在“在……上”中，也可以先介绍一项，再用“而”接出另一项。课文把音节数量、发音结尾和声调分别展开，使比较的内容清楚。
例句
- 这两种说法在音节数量上不同。These two expressions differ in their number of syllables.
- 普通话的“不知道”有三个音节，而粤语的“唔知”有两个。Mandarin 不知道 has three syllables, whereas Cantonese 唔知 has two.
- 比较事物时，两项应围绕同一方面展开。“音节数量不同”说明数量差别，不能由此直接判断哪一种方言整体说得更快。A comparison should address the same aspect of both items. A difference in syllable count describes a difference in quantity; it does not by itself establish which dialect is spoken faster overall.
“这也不……，那也不……”：并列否定
“这也不……，那也不……”: parallel negatives
这个格式把两项否定并列起来，表示所考虑的几种选择都不能满足需要，常带有无奈或不满的语气。“这”和“那”可以指不同的东西、地方或做法；“不”也可以出现在“放不下、装不进”等可能补语中。
例句
- 这个柜子也放不下，那个柜子也放不下，看来得给这只大箱子另找地方了。It won't fit in this cupboard or that one. It looks as though we'll have to find somewhere else for this large box.
- 她试了几种摆法，这也不合适，那也不合适，最后决定少放一把椅子。She tried several arrangements, but none seemed suitable, so she finally decided to leave out one chair.
“谁的……”：明确关系的出发点 谁的……:
identifying the starting point of a relationship
“甲的乙”把甲作为关系的出发点。连续说明亲属关系时，换一个“的”前面的对象，关系的出发点也随之改变。中文可以根据上下文省略已经清楚的对象，但首次说明复杂关系时，把对象说完整更便于理解。
例句
- 妹妹的儿子是哥哥的外甥。The younger sister's son is her older brother's nephew on his sister's side.
- 哥哥的儿子是妹妹的侄子。The older brother's son is his younger sister's nephew on her brother's side.
- “他是舅舅”需要上下文说明“谁的舅舅”；“他是我妈妈的弟弟”则直接给出了判断关系所需的信息。他是舅舅 needs context to establish whose maternal uncle he is. 他是我妈妈的弟弟, “He is my mother's younger brother,” directly provides the information needed to identify the relationship.
结果补语与程度表达
Result complements and degree expressions
“泡软了”的“软”说明“泡”产生的结果；“切好”的“好”说明准备工作已经完成。这类表达关注动作之后的状态。描述个人感受时，“有点、很、更”等则可以放在形容词前，说明程度。
例句
- 黄瓜已经切好了，可以放进盘子里。The cucumber has been chopped and can be put on the plate.
- 爸爸觉得加了芝麻酱的一边更香。Dad thinks the side with sesame paste is more aromatic.
“看见、听见、尝到”：感知的结果 看见, 听见
and 尝到: results of perception
“看”和“听”可以表示感知的动作，“看见”和“听见”则表示已经感知到相应对象。“尝到”表示通过品尝获得某种味道的体验。表达中要根据感知方式选择对象：看见颜色或形状，听见声音，尝到味道。
例句
- 他听了很久，终于听见远处传来脚步声。He listened for a long time and finally heard footsteps in the distance.
- 她尝了一口汤，尝到一点酸味。She tasted a spoonful of soup and detected a slightly sour taste.
- “闻到”用来表示通过鼻子感知到气味。“尝到甜味”和“闻到香味”说明的是不同的感知方式。闻到 expresses detecting a smell through the nose. 尝到甜味, “taste sweetness,” and 闻到香味, “smell an aroma,” describe different modes of perception.
1. “无—”：没有或缺少
“无—”: without; lacking
“无—”可以放在某些名词前，表示没有或缺少相应事物。“无声”表示没有声音，“无线”表示不依靠连接线。这样的词常用于书面介绍，也见于日常用品的名称。
例句
- 这段无声画面配上文字，也能交代故事发生的时间。Text accompanying this silent sequence can also establish when the story takes place.
- 他戴上无线耳机，开始听节目。He put on his wireless earphones and began listening to the programme.
2. “嘛”：说明理由或提示已知情况 嘛:
explaining a reason or pointing out something evident
“嘛”常用于口语，把一个情况作为说话双方能够理解的理由，或提示对方考虑已知的情况。它一般不表示疑问，读轻声。课文中的“六点开门嘛”是对早起准备的解释。
例句
- 今天是周末嘛，我们可以晚一点出发。It's the weekend, after all. We can leave a little later.
- 你刚到这儿嘛，慢慢熟悉就好了。You've only just arrived here. You'll get to know the place gradually.
“一同”：共同进行动作 一同:
doing something together
“一同”是副词，放在动词或动词短语前，表示两个人或更多人共同进行某个动作。主语可以直接列出参与者，也可以用“和、与”引出共同参与的人。“一同”与“一起”意思接近，常用于叙述和较正式的介绍。
例句
- 几位学员一同讨论这个问题。Several participants discuss the problem together.
- 她和导师一同查看项目的说明。She looks through the project documentation with her mentor.
- 他们在不同城市，一同参加线上讨论。They are in different cities and take part in the online discussion together.
“不……不……，一……就／才……”：尝试前后的发现
A discovery after trying something
“不X不……，一X就／才……”前后呼应，表示没有进行某个动作时不知道或没有意识到某种情况，进行这个动作后才有所发现。前后的“X”通常是同一个动作，后半句交代实际发现。
例句
- 这两篇文章不比较不知道，一比较才发现，它们的开头交代了不同的信息。Only by comparing the two articles did we discover that their openings provided different information.
- 这个故事不写不知道，一写就发现有些细节还记不清。I did not realise until I tried writing the story that some details were still unclear in my memory.
1. “特”：口语中的程度副词 特:
a conversational degree adverb
“特”放在形容词或表示感受的表达前，表示程度高，常见于口语。“特有意思”与“特别有意思”意思接近。它不能直接代替“特别的机会”中表示不同寻常的“特别”。
例句
- 这位司机说话特有意思。This driver has a really interesting way of speaking.
2. “啦”：带出说话时的语气 啦:
conveying an expressive tone
句末的“啦”可以使话语带有较鲜明的口语语气，具体作用要结合上下文理解。课文中的“今天可热闹啦”带着兴致，突出说话人对当天经历的感受。有些“啦”与“了”和“啊”连用后的读音有关，但不能把所有“啦”都解释成同一种语气。
例句
- 车来啦，我们过去吧。The bus is here! Let's go over.
3. “放着……不……”：对选择的评价 放着……不……:
commenting on a choice
“放着X不Y”指出某个条件、机会或事物就在眼前，却没有进行相关动作。它常带有说话人对这一选择的评价，后面可以再说明实际做了什么。
例句
- 他放着旁边的空位不坐，想站在窗前看看街景。He leaves the empty seat beside him unused because he wants to stand by the window and look at the street.
- 朋友笑着说：“你放着家门口这么有意思的地方不写，只想着远方。”His friend says with a smile, “You have such an interesting place right on your doorstep, yet you only think about writing about faraway places.”
1. “净”：只或全是某一类 净:
only; nothing but a particular kind
副词“净”可以放在动词前，表示只做或反复做某一类事情，常带有说话人的评价。课文中的“净记喝茶的事”指出甲记住的内容集中在喝茶上，带着玩笑的语气。
例句
- 你净说前面的事，还没告诉我故事后来怎样了。You keep talking about the earlier events, but you haven't told me what happened later.
2. “得了”：停止或不再说下去 得了:
bringing something to a stop
口语中的“得了”可以表示“行了、到这里吧”，用来停止对方的话或回应自己不完全相信的说法。语气可以是玩笑，也可以是不耐烦，需要结合人物关系和上下文判断。它与表示获得的“得到”不同。
例句
- “得了，别再夸自己了，快说说你读了什么吧。”“All right, enough boasting! Tell us what you've been reading.”
3.
“这段相声把大家听乐了” A 把 sentence with the person doing the action as its object
在“这段相声把大家听乐了”中，“大家”是“听”的人，也是受到相声影响的人。主语“这段相声”引出原因，“听乐了”说明听后的结果。这类句子通常需要一个说明结果的部分，不能只说“这段相声把大家听”。
例句
- 演员一口气说出的几个名字，把大家听糊涂了。The succession of names the performer mentioned left everyone confused.
- 这段相声把大家听乐了，散场后还有人谈起那句回答。The routine delighted the listeners, and some were still talking about that reply after the show.
1. “明明”：指出说话人认为清楚的事实 明明:
pointing to something the speaker regards as clear
“明明”常用来强调一个已经清楚的情况，后面又说出与之不一致的行为或结果。课文中，观众从人物的动作看出他还想说话，他却停了下来。
例句
- 他明明已经走到门口，却又转身回来了。He had clearly reached the doorway, yet he turned and came back.
2. “算了”：停止或放弃 算了:
stopping or letting something go
“算了”可以单独说，也可以接在一件事情之后，表示不再继续做或不再追究。它有时表示主动放下，有时带着无奈；停顿和上下文能帮助听者理解。
例句
- 甲：最后一段还要再排一遍吗？A: Shall we rehearse the last part once more?
- 乙：算了，大家都累了，明天再练吧。B: Let's leave it. Everyone is tired; we can rehearse it tomorrow.
- “我还想再说两句……算了，你先忙吧。”“There are a couple more things I'd like to say… Never mind. I'll let you get on.”
熟人之间的轻松语气
A light tone between familiar people
熟悉的同伴在排练中，也可能用“人家”指自己，用“嘛”说明理由，带一点轻微抱怨。这种语气适合轻松的关系，正式说明排练安排时一般用“我”。
例句
- 甲：你怎么站着不说话呀？A: Why are you standing there without saying anything?
- 乙：人家在等你转过身来嘛。B: I'm waiting for you to turn around, you know.
1. “就算……也……”：假设让步 就算……也……:
a hypothetical concession
“就算”提出一种可能情况，“也”引出在这种情况下仍然成立的判断或选择。前半句不一定已经发生，后半句说明它不会改变的那一部分。课文中，即使只能完成几页，这些文字仍能保存并传递记忆。
例句
- 就算暂时只能完成这几页，它们也能把那段记忆传给家里更小的孩子。Even if only these few pages can be completed for now, they can still pass those memories on to younger children in the family.
- 就算这次没有时间整理完，我也可以先把已经写好的部分保存下来。Even if I do not have time to finish this time, I can keep the part I have already written.
2. “左思右想”：反复考虑 左思右想:
considering something from different angles
“左思右想”是稳定搭配，表示反复思考。“左、右”把两个相关动作配在一起，加强从不同方面考虑的意思。学习这类格式要连同具体搭配理解，不能随意把两个动词放进“左……右……”就认为表达成立。
例句
- 我左思右想，决定先把写好的几页拿给家里的小孩子看。After thinking it over, I decided to show the pages I had finished to the younger children in the family.
1. “干脆”：明确作出选择 干脆:
making a definite choice
副词“干脆”可以放在动词短语前，表示考虑后直接选择一种做法，常有不再犹豫的意味。课文中的“干脆留到下次”提出一个明确的处理方式。
例句
- 时间不够，我们干脆只去古镇里的两个地方。We don't have enough time, so let's simply visit two places within the town.
2. “早不……，晚不……”：评价发生的时机
Commenting on the timing of an event
“早不X，晚不X”后面通常接出某事偏偏在这个时候发生，带有说话人对时机的评价，常表示无奈或抱怨。
例句
- 他们正要出门，雨下起来了。朋友笑着说：“早不下，晚不下，偏偏这时候下。”Just as they were leaving, it began to rain. A friend said with a smile, “Of all times, it had to start raining now!”
3. “除非……才……”：必要条件 除非……才……:
a necessary condition
“除非A，才B”表示只有具备A，才考虑或可能有B。课文中，合适的返程车是把镇外名胜加入安排的必要条件；找到车以后，还可以结合剩余时间决定是否前往。
例句
- 除非找到时间合适的返程车，我们才把它放进这次安排。We'll only include it in this trip if we find a return bus at a suitable time.
- “除非A，否则不B”从另一面表达同样的限制。“除非”提出必要条件，并不单独保证后面的事情一定发生。除非A，否则不B, “unless A, not B,” expresses the same restriction from the other direction. 除非 introduces a necessary condition; it does not by itself guarantee that B will occur.
先后关系中的“以后、再” 以后
and 再 in sequences
“A以后，再B”说明两个动作的先后安排。“以后”标出前一个动作完成后的时间，“再”引出后续动作。理解服务说明时，还要看清哪些动作由旅客完成，哪些由工作人员安排。
例句
- 提取行李以后，再按照标志走向出口。After collecting your baggage, follow the signs towards the exit.
- 旅客出示证件以后，工作人员再核对有关信息。After the passenger presents their document, the staff member checks the relevant information.
- 先后表达描述的是一段具体安排。课文的到达顺序以进入新加坡的旅客为对象，转机旅客需要阅读自己的转机说明。A sequence describes a particular arrangement. The arrival sequence in the text concerns passengers entering Singapore; connecting passengers need the information for their own transit journey.
方位与动作中的“在、把” 在
and 把 for position and action
“在＋处所”说明物品或动作的位置，如“披在肩上”。“把＋对象＋动作＋结果”则可以突出对象经过动作后的变化，如“把衣领竖起来”。处所或结果让穿用方式更具体。
例句
- 她把外套披在肩上。She draped the coat over her shoulders.
- 风大了，他把衣领竖起来。As the wind grew stronger, he raised his collar.
- “一顶帽子”中的“顶”是量词；“衣服两侧”中的“侧”说明位置。理解句子时，可以结合它们前后的数量或处所表达判断作用。顶 in 一顶帽子 is a measure word, while 侧 in 衣服两侧 indicates position. Surrounding quantity and location expressions help identify their roles in a sentence.
“一向”：持续的习惯或态度 一向:
a consistent habit or attitude
“一向”放在谓语前，说明从过去延续到现在的习惯、态度或特点。它强调一段较长时间里的稳定情况，常与“喜欢、重视、认真”等表达连用。课文中的“一向喜欢蓝色和灰色”说明这不是当天才有的喜好。
例句
- 我一向喜欢在小地方加一点明亮的颜色。I have always liked adding a small touch of bright colour.
- 她一向认真准备演出，连鞋子是否方便走动也会考虑。She consistently prepares carefully for performances, even considering whether her shoes allow her to move easily.
- 朋友说“这顶帽子特酷”，用“特”加强程度。“一向”说明时间上的持续，“特”说明感受的程度，作用不同。In 这顶帽子特酷, 特 strengthens the degree of 酷. 一向 concerns consistency over time, while 特 concerns degree; they serve different functions.
用“则”与“一个……一个……”作比较
Using 则 and 一个……一个…… for comparison
比较两种事物时，可以先说明一种，再用“则”转到另一种，突出相同方面的不同安排。前文已经说明对象后，“一个……一个……”也可以分别回指两种做法。
例句
- 滚制元宵让粉逐层附在馅上，包馅汤圆则用粉团包住馅。Rolled yuanxiao build layers of flour onto the filling, whereas filled tangyuan enclose it in dough.
- 这两种做法，一个从馅开始形成外层，一个先准备外层再包入馅。Of these two methods, one builds the exterior from the filling outward; the other prepares the exterior first and then encloses the filling.
- “样”可以用来数种类或项目。“两样食品”是在数食品的种类，“两颗汤圆”则是在数汤圆的个数。样 can count kinds or items. 两样食品 counts kinds of food, while 两颗汤圆 counts individual tangyuan.
“虽……，但／可／却／也……”：让步与转折
Concession and contrast
“虽”是“虽然”的简略形式，多用于书面语。前一分句承认一种情况，后一分句用“但、可、却、也”等引出与通常预期不同的情况；具体用哪个词，要看语气和上下文。“虽”后面可以接较短的词组，也可以接完整分句。
例句
- 两段虽写的是同一件事，却给人不同的阅读感受。Though the two passages describe the same event, they create different reading experiences.
- 这篇文章虽短，但事情的经过交代得很清楚。Although the piece is short, it explains the course of events clearly.
- 虽没有见过纸条的主人，我也从那句话中感到了一份亲切。Although I had never met the person who wrote the note, I still felt a sense of warmth in that sentence.
“偷偷”＋动作
Doing something without drawing attention
“偷偷”放在动词或动词短语前，表示做某事时不想让别人发现。是否带有责备语气，要由具体行为和上下文判断。
例句
- 她想给朋友一个惊喜，偷偷准备了一张生日卡。Wanting to surprise her friend, she prepared a birthday card in secret.
- 他偷偷看了一眼时钟，又接着听大家讲话。He stole a glance at the clock, then continued listening to everyone.
“不禁”＋动作或反应
An involuntary reaction
“不禁”表示受到某种情境触动，自然地产生一个反应，常与“想、笑、感叹”等搭配。
例句
- 听到熟悉的旋律，她不禁想起了小时候学唱歌的日子。Hearing the familiar melody, she could not help remembering when she learned to sing as a child.
动词／形容词＋“透了”：程度很深
An extreme degree
“透”放在某些动词或形容词后，可以表示程度很深。“烦透了”表示非常烦躁或厌烦；“美透了”表示非常美。这个格式要结合习惯搭配使用，不能任意加在所有动词、形容词后。
例句
- 夕阳下的湖面金光闪闪，美透了。The lake glittered golden in the sunset and was breathtakingly beautiful.
- 这几天总下雨，我闷在家里，烦透了。It has been raining for days, and I am fed up with being stuck at home.
“一时”：短暂的状态
A temporary state
“一时”可以放在谓语前，表示某种状态只持续较短的时间，或在当时暂时出现。“一时说不清”着重眼下说不清，并不表示以后也无法说明。
例句
- 消息来得突然，她一时不知道该说什么。The news came so unexpectedly that, for a moment, she did not know what to say.
- 这件事一时说不清，我们找个时间慢慢谈。This cannot be explained quickly right now; let's find time to discuss it properly.
- “明明”常突出说话人认为清楚的事实，再与实际情况或预期形成对照。明明 often highlights something the speaker considers evident, contrasting it with what happens or what is expected.
“一番”＋活动名词
A round of an activity
“番”可以用于“讨论、思考、努力”等活动，常见形式为“一番讨论、经过一番思考、费了一番功夫”，着重活动展开的过程。
例句
- 经过一番讨论，我们选出了适合长期观察的几棵树。After a thorough discussion, we selected several trees suitable for long-term observation.
“至于”：引出另一个对象
Turning to another topic
“至于”引出接下来要谈的对象，常用来从已谈的事项转到另一个相关事项。
例句
- 交流时间已经定了。至于具体问题，我们会提前发给您。The meeting time has been settled. As for the specific questions, we will send them beforehand.
“那倒（也）是”：承认对方的理由
Acknowledging another person's point
听到对方的理由后，可以用“那倒是”或“那倒也是”表示认可，常带有重新考虑自己原来想法的意味。
例句
- 听了同伴的理由，他点头说：“那倒是，我刚才没想到这一点。”After hearing his companion's reasoning, he nodded and said, “That's true. I hadn't thought of that.”
“好你个……”：熟人之间的评价
An expressive response between familiar people
“好你个……”常带有强烈的评价语气。熟人笑着说时，可以表达惊喜、赞赏或带有亲近感的打趣；生气时也可能表示责备。理解时要结合关系、语调和上下文。
例句
- 老朋友多年没见，听完对方唱的一段戏，笑着说：“好你个老张，这功夫一点儿没丢！”After hearing an old friend sing a passage of traditional theatre, someone who has not seen him for years laughs: “Well, Zhang! You've still got it!”
“看你／瞧他……的”：突出某种状态
Commenting on a noticeable state
“看你高兴的”“瞧他忙的”用简短的口语形式突出眼前的状态，后面的“的”使评价带有感叹意味。有时还会接着补充具体情况。
例句
- 看你高兴的，刚才一直在笑。Look how happy you are—you were smiling the whole time.
- 瞧他忙的，电话刚放下，又去招呼客人了。Look how busy he is: no sooner does he put down the phone than he goes to welcome the guests.
“A这A那”：同类动作涉及多处或多事
Repeating an action across things or places
“找这找那、问这问那、说这说那”等口语表达，把同一个动词放在“这”和“那”前，表示动作涉及不同对象，有时带有忙乱、零碎或不够集中的意味。使用时要选择已有的自然搭配。
例句
- 纸笔都放在同一个盒子里，开会前就不用找这找那了。With all the paper and pens in one box, there is no need to search here and there before the meeting.
- 她第一次来，对房间很好奇，问这问那，我们就带她各处看看。Curious about the room on her first visit, she asked about all sorts of things, so we showed her around.
“以免”：说明希望避免的情况
Expressing a preventive purpose
“以免”引出希望避免的结果，前面通常说明为此采取的做法。它连接的是行动和预防目的，后面的情况并不一定已经发生。
例句
- 把两种材料分开放，以免拿错。Keep the two materials separately to avoid taking the wrong one.
- 记下开封日期，以免过几天忘记。Write down the opening date so that you do not forget it a few days later.
“看／瞧＋把＋人＋X得”：对状态发出感叹
An exclamation about someone's state
“看把你忙得”“瞧把他乐得”等口语格式，突出某人的状态或反应。这里“你、他”也是“忙、乐”的主体；前面的“看、瞧”引人注意，句末的“得”带有感叹语气，也可以继续接具体表现。
例句
- 看把你忙得，刚放下托盘，又去拿碗了。Look how busy you are: you've only just put down the tray and you're already fetching bowls.
- 瞧把他乐得，听说老朋友要来，笑得合不拢嘴。Look how delighted he is: hearing that an old friend is coming has left him grinning from ear to ear.
“一道”“一同”：共同做某事
Doing something together
“一道”和“一同”都可以放在动词前，表示不同的人共同进行一个动作。人已经交代清楚时，也可以不再重复；“和、与、跟”等可以引出同行的人。
例句
- 我们约好一道去赏灯。We arranged to go and see the lanterns together.
- 她和家人一同到亲戚家拜年。She went with her family to offer New Year greetings to relatives.
“犹如”：引出相似的形象
Introducing a comparison
“犹如”表示“好像、如同”，多用于书面表达。它把正在描写的对象与另一个形象联系起来，突出相似之处。
例句
- 诗中的竹犹如一个坚定的人，在风中站立。The bamboo in the poem is like a resolute person standing in the wind.
- 远处的山峰犹如一道屏障，把小镇围在中间。The distant peaks resemble a barrier surrounding the small town.
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“不料”：引出意外的结果
Introducing an unexpected result
“不料”连接前后的事件，引出与人物原来预期不同的情况，多用于叙述。前文需要使读者能够理解人物原来的打算或预期。
例句
- 王子以为会听见威风的脚步声，不料桥下响起的却是一阵急促的小跑声。The prince thought he would hear impressive footsteps. To his surprise, a rapid patter of running feet came from beneath the bridge instead.
“好容易”“好不容易”：经过努力才实现
Finally achieving something with difficulty
在表示经过一番努力或等待才实现某事时，“好容易”和“好不容易”都可以使用。这里的“好容易”不能按字面理解成“非常容易”，需要结合“终于达到”的语境来读。
例句
- 我找了几家书店，好容易才买到这本书。After searching several bookshops, I finally managed to buy the book.
- 我找了几家书店，好不容易才买到这本书。After searching several bookshops, I finally managed to buy the book.
“串”：计量相连的一组东西
Counting connected objects
“串”可以作量词，计量用线等连在一起的物件，也可以用于葡萄等自然成串的东西。计量时，要看对象是否具有相连成组的形态。
例句
- 盒子里放着一串珍珠。There is a string of pearls in the box.
- 盘子里放着两串葡萄。There are two bunches of grapes on the plate.
“特意”：突出专门的安排
Highlighting a purposeful arrangement
“特意”放在动词前，强调某个动作是为了一个目的专门做的。目的可以直接说出，也可以由上下文说明。
例句
- 她特意准备了文字资料，方便工作人员介绍展品。She specially prepared written information to help staff introduce the exhibits.
“第……版”“第……次”：标明顺序
Indicating order
“第”放在数词前，表示顺序。“第十二版”说明所指的版本，“第三次印刷”说明所指的印刷批次。用这种格式时，要把所排列的事项说清楚。
例句
- 这本书是第三版，今年又印了一次。This is the third edition of the book, and it has been printed again this year.
- 他引用了第二版中的一段话，并记下了页码。He quoted a passage from the second edition and recorded the page number.
“卷”：文献的计量与分组
Volumes and groupings of documents
“卷”读juàn，可以作量词或表示文献的分组单位。具体范围要结合书名、目录及材料的整理方式理解。
例句
- 他借阅了两卷档案，分别记录不同时期的修建工作。He consulted two archival volumes documenting construction work from different periods.
“所＋动词＋的＋名词”：说明所指对象
Referring to the object of an action
“所”放在动词前，可以与“的”和后面的名词一起，说明动作涉及的对象，常用于书面语。“所保存的记录”就是保存下来的那些记录；保存者可以在前面交代。
例句
- 馆里所保存的记录，为研究建筑历史提供了材料。The records preserved by the institution provide material for studying architectural history.
“到……为止”：标明终点
Marking an endpoint
“到……为止”标明时间或范围的终点。解释具体安排时，还要结合上下文确认所说的时间界限。
例句
- 到昨天为止，我们已经整理了两卷档案。As of yesterday, we had organised two archival volumes.
“卷”：读音与计量对象
Readings and what is counted
“卷”读juǎn时，可以表示把东西弯成卷形的动作，也可以计量成卷的材料。“一卷纸”说的是纸的卷形状态；“两卷档案”中的“卷”读juàn，计量的是文献的分组单位。理解时，要把读音和对象联系起来。
例句
- 柜子里有两卷包装纸。There are two rolls of wrapping paper in the cupboard.
- 这些是馆里所保存的修复记录。These are the treatment records preserved by the institution.
“……时，……就／会……”：条件下的变化
Changes under a condition
“时”可以放在一个动作或状态后，说明事情发生的时间或条件。后面的分句可以用“就、会”等接着说明相应变化。
例句
- 人多时，脚步就慢下来。When there are many people, walking slows down.
- 路口恢复畅通时，后面的车辆也会逐渐通过。When the junction begins flowing freely again, the vehicles behind gradually move through too.
“限＋对象”：限定使用范围
Restricting use to a group
“限”后面可以接允许的对象，说明使用范围，常见于简短的书面提示。
例句
- 本区域限工作人员进入。This area is for staff entry only.
- 会议室限本校师生预约使用。The meeting room may be booked only by this school's teachers and students.
“东一A，西一A”：散在不同地方
Scattered in different places
“东一处，西一处”“东一块，西一块”等表达，把两个方向配在一起，表示事物分散。这里的“东、西”往往泛指不同位置，不一定是地图上的准确方向。
例句
- 院子里的花东一丛，西一丛，沿着小路分布。Clumps of flowers are scattered here and there along the garden path.
- 旧漆脱落了，墙上东一块西一块地露出了底色。The base colour shows through here and there on the wall where old paint has flaked off.
“超—”：超出一般规模
Beyond an ordinary scale
“超—”可以放在某些表示程度或规模的词前，突出超出一般范围的意思，如“超大型”。具体搭配要结合习惯用法理解。
例句
- 超大型船只需要与之匹配的泊位和装卸设施。Ultra-large ships need suitably matched berths and loading facilities.
“X了就X了，还有……”：接受事实后继续安排
Accepting a fact and considering what remains possible
重复已经发生的事情，可以表示接受这个事实，随后用“还有……”说明其他可能。语气和后面的内容很重要：这种表达可以宽慰人，也可能显得不够在意。
例句
- 甲：我们没赶上这一班船。A: We missed this sailing.
- 乙：错过了就错过了，还有下一班。我们先去确认时间吧。B: We've missed it, and that's that; there's another sailing. Let's check the time first.
“所＋动词”：指明相关对象
Identifying what an action concerns
“所”可以放在动词前，与动词及后面的“的”一起修饰名词；名词也可以省略，由上下文补足。这种表达常用于书面语。
例句
- 这一章所讨论的问题，是实体与空间怎样共同使器物发挥作用。The question discussed in this chapter is how solid material and space work together to enable use.
- 作者所举的三个例子，都来自日常生活。The three examples given by the author all come from everyday life.
“‘有’与‘无’”：把表达当作讨论对象
Treating expressions as concepts
引号中的“有”和“无”在这里是两个讨论对象，可以放在“的关系”“的用处”等表达前面。现代释读中，“有”指具体的实体，“无”指相应位置留出的空间。
例句
- 车轮、陶器和房间帮助我们理解“有”与“无”的关系。Wheels, pottery vessels and rooms help us understand the relationship between “presence” and “absence”.
“用……表示……”：说明表示方式
Explaining how something is represented
“用”后面说明采用的形式或手段，“表示”后面说明它所传达的内容。
例句
- 地球仪用线条表示经线和纬线。A globe uses lines to represent lines of longitude and latitude.
- 地图用不同符号表示车站、公园和医院。A map uses different symbols to represent stations, parks and hospitals.
“按……划分……”：说明分类依据
Stating the basis for classification
“按”引出分类采用的标准，“划分”说明根据这一标准分出不同类别。类别可以接在“划分为……”后面，也可以在后文分别说明。
例句
- 按主要用途划分，地图可以分为交通地图、旅游地图等不同类别。Classified by their main purpose, maps include transport maps, tourist maps and other types.
“反—”：表示相反
Opposite or reverse
“反—”可以放在某些词前，表示相反或反向的意思，如“反方向”“反作用”。具体搭配遵循习惯用法。
例句
- 这个模型的两个轮子向相反的方向转动，一个顺时针转，另一个沿反方向转。The two wheels in this model rotate in opposite directions: one turns clockwise, while the other turns in the reverse direction.
“扇”：计量门、窗等
Counting doors, windows and similar objects
“扇”用于门、窗等可以开合的片状物，也用于屏风等物体。
例句
- 走廊尽头有一扇门，门旁开着两扇窗。There is a door at the end of the corridor, with two windows beside it.
“把”字句与方向补语
Describing movement with 把 and directional complements
说明操作时，可以用“把＋对象＋动作”交代对象受到的处理；“起来、进去、出来”等方向补语进一步说明运动方向或结果。
例句
- 织机把一部分经线提起来，让纬线从空隙中穿过去。The loom lifts some warp threads so that the weft can pass through the opening.
- 织工把织好的布卷起来，给后面的织造留出位置。The weaver rolls up the finished cloth to make room for further weaving.
“滴”：计量少量液体
Counting drops of liquid
“滴”作量词时，放在数词与液体名称之间，表示小滴状的量；作动词时，表示液体一滴一滴落下。作为量词，“滴”本身不规定固定的毫升数。
例句
- 叶尖上挂着一滴水。A drop of water hangs from the tip of a leaf.
- 雨停了，屋檐还在滴水。The rain has stopped, but water is still dripping from the eaves.
“既……又……”：并列两种性质
Combining two properties
“既……又……”把两种同时存在的性质或情况放在一起。两部分应在结构上相互配合。
例句
- 铜既容易加工，又能够良好地传导电流。Copper is both easy to work and a good conductor of electricity.
“用于……”：说明用途
Stating a use
“用于”后面可以接用途、活动或领域，说明前面的材料或物品被用在什么方面。
例句
- 铜线用于传导电流，绝缘材料用于隔开线芯与外界。Copper wire is used to carry electric current, while insulating material is used to separate the core from its surroundings.
“多—”：表示多个或多种
More than one item or type
“多—”可以放在某些名词或相关表达前，表示数量或种类不止一种，如“多功能”“多用途”。
例句
- 这种多功能外壳既能保护电路板，又能配合风扇散热。This multifunctional case both protects the circuit board and accommodates cooling by a fan.
“—化”：成为或使成为
Expressing a change in state or quality
“—化”可以接在某些词后，表示向某种状态转变，或使事物具有某种性质，如“标准化”“数字化”。
例句
- 接口标准化以后，配套部件更容易按统一要求设计。Once interfaces are standardised, matching components are easier to design to common requirements.
“—型”：表示类型或规格
Indicating a type or size
“—型”接在某些词后，可以说明类型、特点或规格，如“小型”“节能型”。
例句
- 小型设备内部空间有限，部件的位置需要紧凑安排。Small devices have limited internal space, so their components need a compact layout.
“东一……，西一……”：说明分散状态
Describing a scattered arrangement
两个部分配对使用，可以说明物品或动作分散在不同地方。这里的“东”“西”不一定指实际方位。
例句
- 材料东一堆、西一堆地放着，工人搬运时就要多走几趟。With materials scattered in piles here and there, workers have to make more trips to move them.
“凡是……，都……”：范围内的全部情况
Every case within a stated scope
“凡是”提出一个范围或条件，“都”说明符合这个范围或条件的对象具有同样的情况。前半句的条件限定了“都”所概括的对象。
例句
- 凡是已经取得顾客确认的新增项目，都要在维修记录中注明。Every additional item of work confirmed by the customer must be noted in the repair record.
“除非……才……”：强调必要的确认
Emphasising necessary confirmation
“除非A，才B”把A作为B的必要条件。条件得到满足后，还可能需要其他安排。
例句
- 除非顾客确认新增费用，服务方才会把这个项目加入维修安排。The service provider will only add this item to the repair plan if the customer confirms the additional cost.
“除……以外”：排除特定对象
Excluding a particular item
“除”作介词时，可以引出不在后面陈述范围内的对象。“除……以外”与“其余、其他”等配合时，排除范围尤其明确。
例句
- 除这一页以外，其余页面都已经核对过了。All pages except this one have already been checked.
“准—”：接近或预期进入某种身份
Approaching a status
“准—”可以放在某些身份称谓前，表示接近或预期进入这一身份，要结合具体语境理解。
例句
- 几位准教师正在参加岗前培训，准备新学期到学校任教。Several teachers-to-be are taking pre-service training before starting work in schools in the new term.
“由……负责”：指明承担者
Identifying who takes responsibility
“由”引出承担某项工作的个人或团队，“负责”说明其任务。工作内容可以放在句首，也可以接在“负责”后面。
例句
- 会议资料由项目助理负责整理。The project assistant is responsible for organising the meeting documents.
- 这次活动由教育团队负责。The education team is responsible for this activity.
“对……负责”：说明责任对象
Stating to whom or for what someone is responsible
“对”后面可以是相关的人，也可以是工作内容或结果。结合上下文，表达向某人负责，或对某项工作的质量承担责任。
例句
- 项目负责人对整个活动的安排负责。The project leader is responsible for the arrangements for the whole activity.
- 助理对所整理资料的准确性负责。The assistant is responsible for the accuracy of the information they organise.
“—化”：把变化落实到工作中
Applying —化 to a concrete process
“数字化”表示把相关内容转为数字形式。描述项目时，可以进一步说明转化的对象、采取的工作和形成的成果。
例句
- 藏品资料数字化以后，研究人员可以借助数据库检索相关记录。Once collection information is digitised, researchers can search the relevant records through a database.
- 拍摄、整理和核验，是这个数字化项目中互相联系的工作。Photography, organisation and verification are connected tasks in this digitisation project.
“由……组成”：说明成员或构成
Describing membership or composition
“由”引出构成一个整体的成员或部分，“组成”说明它们共同形成这个整体。
例句
- 这个服务小组由引导员、物资管理员和联络员组成。This service group consists of guides, supply coordinators and liaison staff.
“分别、各自”：对应不同对象
Matching different people or tasks
“分别”可以说明不同对象与不同安排相对应；“各自”强调每个人或每个团队有自己的任务或安排。
例句
- 三个小组分别负责起点、沿线和终点服务，各自按照安排到岗。The three groups are responsible for services at the start, along the course and at the finish respectively, each reporting to its assigned post.
“依旧”：延续先前状态
A state continuing as before
“依旧”作副词时，表示与先前相比，某种状态或情况仍然保持。上下文应有可以比较的先前情况。
例句
- 夜晚开始时有人监看，到了凌晨，控制台前依旧有人值守。Someone was monitoring when the night began, and the console was still attended in the early morning.
- 人员换了，数据记录的要求依旧严格。The personnel have changed, but the requirements for data records remain strict.
1. 被动句：突出处理的对象
Passive sentences: highlighting what is processed
说明工作过程时，可以把处理对象放在句首，用“被＋动词”说明它受到的处理；实施者可以根据需要省略。被动句也可以表示正常、中性的处理。
例句
- 长卷被分段拍摄，每段图像记录一部分内容。The long scroll is photographed in sections, each image recording part of its contents.
- 这些图像经过检查后，被发布到项目网站上。After being checked, these images are published on the project website.
2. 为了……：说明目的
Expressing purpose with 为了
“为了＋目的”可以放在句首或主语后，后面说明为实现这一目的而采取的行动。课文中的“为此”承接前文已经说明的需要或目标，不必再次完整说出目的。
例句
- 为了看清细小的文字，研究者放大了数字图像。To see the small writing clearly, the researcher enlarged the digital image.
- 研究者需要比较分藏各地的文献。为此，项目提供在线查阅服务。Researchers need to compare documents held in different locations. To this end, the project provides online access.
……，以便……：在行动后说明目的
Expressing purpose after an action with 以便
“以便”连接前面的行动或安排与后面的目的，常见于说明、通知及工作安排。后面通常说明希望得到的便利或有利条件；这是行动的目的，不表示结果已经实现。
例句
- 请提前整理好资料，以便大家开会时查阅。Please organise the materials in advance so that everyone can consult them during the meeting.
- 设计人员标明了各部分的尺寸，以便施工人员核对。The designers marked the dimensions of each part so that the construction team could check them.
- “为了”可以把目的放在句首：“为了方便查阅，请提前整理好资料。”用“以便”时，通常先说明行动，再说明目的。为了 can place the purpose at the beginning: “To make consultation easier, please organise the materials in advance.” With 以便, the action usually comes first and the purpose follows.
1. 恰好：时间或情况正合适 恰好:
a fitting coincidence in time or circumstances
“恰好”表示时间、数量或其他情况正好相合，可以修饰动作，也可以放在表示状态的词语前。
例句
- 我去送作品时，她恰好也在展厅。When I went to deliver my work, she happened to be in the gallery too.
- 桌子的长度恰好够摆六张照片。The table was just long enough to hold six photographs.
2. 倒是：与原先的预期形成对照 倒是:
contrasting with an earlier expectation
“倒是”可以引出与前文预期不同的情况。课文中，叙述者原本想介绍拍摄方法，对方却先关心街上的人。“倒是”常带有说话人的观察或评价，具体意思要结合前文理解。
例句
- 我以为朋友会问照片怎么拍的，他倒是想知道那家店还开不开。I thought my friend would ask how the photograph was taken, but he wanted to know whether that shop was still open.
3. 总算：经过等待或努力，事情终于发生 总算:
something finally happens after waiting or effort
“总算”常表示说话人等待或努力了一段时间，盼望的事情终于发生，往往带有满意或松一口气的语气。
例句
- 我们试了几种摆放方式，总算把六张照片都挂好了。We tried several arrangements and finally got all six photographs hung.
- 等了一周，我们总算收到了场地使用的回复。After waiting a week, we finally received a reply about using the venue.
—型：按特点或用途说明类型 —型:
describing a type by its features or intended use
“—型”可以接在表示特点、功能等的成分后，构成表示类型的词。课文中的“便携型”强调容易携带，“桌面型”说明主要在桌面上使用。具体分类要结合产品介绍理解。
例句
- 店里有便携型阅读灯，也有适合固定位置使用的台灯。The shop has portable reading lights as well as lamps suited to a fixed position.
- 这款桌面型设备放在服务台上，供工作人员日常使用。This desktop device sits on the service counter for staff to use in their daily work.
大都：表示一个范围内的多数 大都:
describing most of a group
“大都”是副词，表示所说范围中的多数，放在谓语前。它不表示全部，可以与说明少数不同情况的后句相接。
例句
- 春季上架的衣服大都适合天气转暖后穿着。Most clothes put on sale in spring are suitable for warmer weather.
- 这批外套大都已经售出，还有少量大号的留在店里。Most of these coats have been sold, with a small number of large sizes still in the shop.
- “凡是……都……”把所说条件范围内的对象全部包括在内；“大都”只说明多数。补充学习中的“一律”强调采用相同的处理方式。凡是…都… includes every item meeting the stated condition, whereas 大都 describes the majority. 一律 in the supplementary sentence emphasises applying the same treatment to all items concerned.
要么……，要么……：列出可选择的做法 要么…，要么…:
presenting alternatives
“要么A，要么B”列出两种可供选择的情况或做法，通常表示从中选择一种。两部分的结构应当相互对应。课文先说明折扣和用券只能选一种，再用这个句式表达选择。
例句
- 顾客要么直接按八成付款，要么使用这张券。Customers can either pay eight tenths of the price directly or use the voucher.
- 我们要么在店里吃，要么买好带走。We can either eat in the shop or buy the food to take away.
1. 从……流向……：说明资金的起点与去向 从…流向…:
describing where funds come from and go
“从”引出起点，“流向”引出去向。说明资金时，可以用家庭、企业等作为起点或去向，表示它们之间的支付关系。
例句
- 工资从企业流向家庭，购物付款从家庭流向企业。Wages flow from businesses to households, while shopping payments flow from households to businesses.
2. 通过……：说明途径或方式 通过…:
describing a channel or means
“通过”后面可以接渠道、机构或行动，说明事情怎样实现。
例句
- 员工通过银行账户领取工资。Employees receive their wages through bank accounts.
- 企业通过销售商品取得收入。Businesses earn revenue by selling goods.
X归X，Y归Y：把不同的事情分别对待
X归X，Y归Y: treating different matters separately
这个格式把两件事情分别提出，表示它们各有性质、范围或处理方式。每一部分都重复相同的词语：“X归X”与“Y归Y”相互对应，后面可以说明怎样分别对待。
例句
- 工资归工资，借款归借款，这两笔钱在记录中分别列出。Wages are one thing and borrowed money another; the two amounts are listed separately in the records.
- 生活费归生活费，学费归学费，我们把这两类支出分开记录。Living expenses and tuition fees are separate categories; we record them separately.
6 级 · 第 3 册
X到Y头上来了：事情落到某人身上
X到Y头上来了: something comes to affect a particular person
这个格式中的“头上”是比喻说法，表示某人成为事情的承担者或受影响者。前面常用“落、轮”等动词，描述责任、任务或困难终于涉及某人，常带有说话人的感受。
例句
- 以前听别人说收款难，如今这样的困难也落到我们头上来了。We used to hear others talk about the difficulty of collecting payments; now that difficulty has come to affect us too.
- 这次组织活动的任务轮到我头上来了，我已经开始联系场地。This time the task of organising the event has fallen to me, and I have already started contacting venues.
未必：表示并非必然 未必:
expressing “not necessarily”
“未必”放在谓语前，表示某个判断不一定成立。它保留其他可能，并不是肯定相反的结果。
例句
- 过去表现较好的产品，未来未必继续有同样的表现。A product that performed well in the past will not necessarily perform in the same way in the future.
- 同一份资料，不同读者未必得出相同的判断。Different readers will not necessarily reach the same judgment from the same information.
- “未必增加”表示可能增加，也可能没有增加；“一定不增加”则明确排除了增加的可能。未必增加 leaves open both an increase and no increase, whereas 一定不增加 explicitly rules out an increase.
1. 被字句：分清动作与对象
Passive sentences: identifying an action and its recipient
被字句把受到动作影响的人或事物放在前面。转述司法信息时，后面的动词及其补充内容，说明对象处于什么状态。
例句
- “被指控”说明面对指控；“被判有罪”说明法院作出了有罪判决。“Being accused” describes facing an accusation; “being found guilty” indicates a court judgment of guilt.
2. 引述：保留说话人与信息来源
Quotation: retaining the speaker and source
引述时，可以用“某人说”“文书写道”等引出原话。原文中的行为主体、条件和程序状态，都要在转述中得到保留。
例句
- 法律规定：“审判由人民法院负责。”这里引述了法律原文。The law states, “Trials are the responsibility of the people’s courts.” This quotes the wording of the law.
因：引出原因 因:
introducing a cause
“因”可以放在名词或短语前，引出原因，常见于书面说明。课文中的“因该行为取得的财产”，表示财产是由于这一行为而取得的。
例句
- 因设备检修，活动延期一天。Because of equipment maintenance, the event is postponed for one day.
- 因场地有限，主办方安排参观者分批入场。Because space is limited, the organisers arrange for visitors to enter in groups.
- “因”与“为了”表达的关系不同：“因设备检修”说明原因，“为了方便参观”说明目的。因 and 为了 express different relationships: 因设备检修 gives a cause, while 为了方便参观 gives a purpose.
1. 被字句：说明资料受到怎样的处理
Passive sentences: describing how records are processed
说明资料处理时，可以把受到处理的内容放在句首，用“被＋动词”说明变化。是否需要写出实施者，取决于所要表达的信息。
例句
- 姓名被换成编号以后，记录中保留了参加日期和课程选择。After names are replaced by numbers, the records retain attendance dates and course choices.
2. 与……对应：说明两者之间的联系 与…对应:
describing a correspondence
“A与B对应”说明两者之间具有相应关系。这里的“对应”，指某个编号与有关个人之间保留了联系。
例句
- 另行保存的信息说明，每个编号与哪位参加者对应。The separately held information shows which participant each number corresponds to.
一再：表示动作重复发生 一再:
indicating repeated actions
“一再”放在动词前，表示同一动作发生多次，常用于说明反复表达、要求、提醒等。它不指定确切次数。
例句
- 他一再表示自己不愿参加这项活动。He repeatedly states that he does not wish to take part in the activity.
- 工作人员一再提醒观众，拍照前先留意展厅的相关说明。Staff repeatedly remind visitors to check the gallery's instructions before taking photographs.
- “他表示不愿参加”只说明表达的内容；加入“一再”，还说明他多次表达了同样的意思。“He states that he does not wish to participate” gives only the content of the statement; adding 一再 also indicates that he has expressed it several times.
1. 据……：引出转述来源 据…:
introducing a reported source
“据”可以引出消息或说法的来源，常见于报道和书面说明。后面转述的内容，应与该来源所表达的意思相符。
例句
- 据警方提示，相关消息可以通过官方渠道核实。According to the police warning, relevant messages can be verified through official channels.
2. 根据……：说明判断或行动的依据 根据…:
giving grounds for a judgment or action
“根据”后面可以接事实、资料或规定，说明后面的判断、行动以什么为依据。
例句
- 根据物品的颜色、大小和其他特征，他认为这只包可能是自己的。Judging from the item's colour, size and other features, he thinks the bag may be his.
目的与条件
Purpose and conditions
“为了……”说明行动的目的；“如果……就……”说明某个结果成立的条件。描述服务设计时，可以分别说明为什么这样做，以及在什么情况下会产生相应结果。
例句
- 为了让使用者知道每一栏要填什么，表单为输入框设置了清楚的标签。To help users understand what belongs in each field, the form provides clear labels for its input boxes.
- 如果标签与输入框正确关联，读屏工具就能提供对应的名称。If a label is correctly associated with an input box, a screen reader can provide the corresponding name.
- 如果使用者需要当面询问，也可以到人工窗口求助。If users need to ask questions in person, they can also seek help at a staffed counter.
数量比较与“用于……”
Comparing quantities and using “用于…”
比较费用时，要说清比较的是哪一项、哪个时期。“用于……”说明资金或物品的用途，可以接名词或动词短语。
例句
- 本月的送餐费用比上月多，因为需要送餐的人增加了。Delivery costs are higher this month than last month because more people need meals delivered.
- 这笔资金用于支付厨房工作人员的工资。These funds are used to pay the kitchen staff’s wages.
- 捐赠的桌椅用于社区活动，方便居民一起读书、下棋。The donated tables and chairs are used for community activities, making it easier for residents to read and play board games together.
“由……”与“向……”
“由…” and “向…”
“由……”可以引出某项行动的承担者或某个结果的产生方式；“向……”引出表达、说明所面向的对象。两者分别回答“由谁、怎样”和“对谁”的问题。
例句
- 委员会成员由业主按照相应程序选举产生。Committee members are elected by property owners under the applicable procedures.
- 这份公告由承办单位发布。This notice is issued by the unit responsible for the matter.
- 工作人员向参加者说明提交意见的方式。Staff explain to participants how to submit their views.
“于”：引出时间
“于”: Introducing a time
“于”可以在书面语中引出某件事发生的时间，常见于新闻、公告等。时间可以放在动词前，如“于某日发布”。
例句
- 商务部于2024年6月13日发布了这则消息。The Ministry of Commerce published this report on June 13, 2024.
- 展览将于下周一开幕。The exhibition will open next Monday.
“虽……也……”：承认前项，后项仍成立
“虽…也…”: A result holds despite the first clause
“虽”是书面语中较简洁的表达。“虽……也……”承认前一情况，同时说明后一情况仍然成立。在这类句子中，也可以用“但”突出转折；“也”更突出后一情况仍能成立。
例句
- 短消息虽篇幅有限，也能留下清楚的信息线索。Although short reports have limited space, they can still provide clear information.
- 双方虽相隔很远，也能通过通话交流意见。Although the two sides are far apart, they can still exchange views by telephone.
被动句与“引起、引发”
Passive sentences and “引起、引发”
被动句可以突出内容怎样得到处理或传播。“引起、引发”连接某件事与它带来的反应；说到反应时，要明确是关注、讨论还是其他变化。
例句
- 稿件被安排在评论版的一栏中。The article was placed in a column on the commentary page.
- 这段介绍引起了读者对动物生活环境的关注。This introduction drew readers’ attention to animals’ living environments.
- 同一个话题可能引发不同的讨论，有人关心旅行体验，有人关心自然教育。The same topic may prompt different discussions: some people focus on the visitor experience, while others focus on nature education.
“所……”：指称相关内容
“所…”: Referring to relevant content
“所”放在动词或动词短语前，可以组成带“的”的结构，指称该动作涉及的人或事物。阅读资料说明时，可以结合前文判断它具体指什么。
例句
- 用户可以继续阅读所找到的资料。Users can continue reading the material they have found.
- 查询范围局限于资料库所收录的材料。The search is limited to the material included in the collection.
- 请把所需文字粘贴到笔记中，并记下出处。Please paste the text you need into your notes and record its source.
“超—”：技术场景中的组合
“超—”: Combinations in technical contexts
“超—”可以与表示大小、清晰程度等的成分组合，强调超出通常水平。理解这种表达时，还要联系具体描述的对象。
例句
- 超大文件需要占用更多存储空间，传输时也需要考虑网络条件。Extra-large files require more storage space, and network conditions also need to be considered when transmitting them.
- 这台设备能够显示超高清图像，画面细节很丰富。This device can display ultra-high-definition images with rich visual detail.
“你一句，我一句”：配对的动作
“你一句，我一句”: Paired actions
“A一＋量词，B一＋量词”把不同参与者的动作配对呈现。“你一句，我一句”表示双方接着说话；具体动作要结合后面的语境理解。
例句
- 两位创作者你一句，我一句，谈起了鲤鱼跃起时的模样。The two creators took turns talking about how the carp would look as it leaped.
- 大家你一笔，我一笔，把各自的想法画在同一张纸上。Everyone took turns drawing their ideas on the same sheet of paper.
“—化”：说明处理方式的变化
“—化”: Describing a change in how work is done
“自动化”表示工作能够由设备或程序按规则自动完成。在“自动化处理”中，“自动化”说明处理的方式。
例句
- 这些自动化处理，让设备按规则确认接收并补发缺少的数据。This automated processing allows devices to acknowledge receipt and resend missing data according to rules.
- 资料数字化以后，可以通过网络传送给远处的同伴。Once documents are digitized, they can be sent over a network to colleagues far away.
“较为”：书面语中的程度表达
“较为”: Degree in written language
“较为”常用于书面语，放在形容词等成分前，表示达到一定程度，语气比较平缓。它本身不一定指出一个明确的比较对象；如果是在比较两组资料，可以在上下文中说明。
例句
- 训练资料包含多种组合，能提供较为丰富的例子。Training data with varied combinations can provide a reasonably rich set of examples.
- 与只包含一种来源的资料相比，这组资料的来源较为多样。Compared with data from a single source, this dataset has a relatively diverse range of sources.
“虽……但……”与“虽……也……”
“虽…但…” and “虽…也…”
描述材料的作用时，“虽……但……”可以承认前一作用，再说明需要同时考虑的另一情况。“虽……也……”则可以承认限制，强调后一作用仍然成立。
例句
- 重现虽能帮助理解，但画面是在后来制作的。Although a re-creation can aid understanding, its images are produced later.
- 一句话虽短，也能把现场与历史联系起来。Although a sentence is short, it can still connect the scene with history.
“……以后……”与感受的变化
“...以后…” and changes in sensation
“……以后……”说明后面情况发生的时间。描述身体感受时，可以把活动与之后的体验联系起来；“觉得、感到”说明这是人的感受。
例句
- 读完资料以后，我才发现肩膀有点酸。Only after finishing the material did I notice that my shoulders ached a little.
- 走动以后，她觉得身体轻松了一些。After moving around, she felt a little more relaxed physically.
- 休息以后，他感到精神好了一点，做事也更有劲。After a break, he felt a little more refreshed and had more energy for his tasks.
“有的……有的……”：同一群体中的不同情况
“有的…有的…”: Differences within a group
“有的……有的……”可以分别介绍一个群体中的不同情况。前文说明群体，后文再说明各自的表现。
例句
- 孩子的发展各有节奏：有的较早学会走路，有的较早说出词语。Children develop at different paces: some learn to walk earlier, while others begin using words earlier.
- 老人们各有自己的生活：有的经常外出活动，有的喜欢在家读书。Older people have different lives: some go out frequently, while others enjoy reading at home.
“枝”与“串”
“枝” and “串”
“枝”可以表示树木的枝条，也可以作量词，用于带枝或茎的花等。“串”强调多个对象连接成一组。选择量词时，要联系对象的形态。
例句
- 花瓶里插着一枝梅花，枝上开了几朵白花。A mume branch stands in the vase, with several white blossoms on it.
- 窗边挂着一串花形小灯，夜里亮起来很好看。A string of flower-shaped lights hangs by the window and looks lovely when lit at night.
“结、结果”：植物长出果实
“结、结果”: Bearing fruit
“结”和“结果”在这里都是动词，表示植物长出果实。“结出果实”和“这棵树结果了”都说明果实的形成，读音见生词表。
例句
- 这棵梅树开花以后，枝上渐渐结出了果实。After this mume tree flowered, fruit gradually developed on its branches.
“从……到……”：连接地点与阶段
“从…到…”: Connecting places and stages
“从……到……”既可以说明空间上的起点与终点，也可以连接一个过程的不同阶段。描述农产品的来路时，可以分别说明地点变化和生产阶段。
例句
- 农产品从产地运到市场，还需要安排运输与储存。Agricultural products need transport and storage arrangements on their journey from their place of production to market.
- 从播种到收获，作物经历了不同的生长阶段。From sowing to harvest, crops pass through different stages of growth.
- 这两块田的土壤不同，管理时需要分别考虑各自的条件。The soil differs between these two fields, so their respective conditions need to be considered in management.
因果与被动：说明作用及结果
Cause and effect and the passive: Explaining actions and results
因果句可以说明一种生物活动发生的条件或原因。被动句则可以突出受到作用的对象。描述科学过程时，要保留“有些”“可能”等与事实相符的范围。
例句
- 因为病毒需要利用细胞中的机制，所以它的复制离不开合适的细胞。Because a virus uses machinery inside cells, it depends on suitable cells to replicate.
- 有些细菌被免疫细胞吞入后，会被消灭。Some bacteria are destroyed after being engulfed by immune cells.
- 皮肤形成一道屏障，因此能阻挡许多外来物进入身体。Skin forms a barrier and thus blocks many things from entering the body.
先后关系与被字句
Sequencing and passive sentences
“先……再……”可以突出过程的顺序。被字句可以把受到作用的事物放在句首，说明它经历了什么变化。
例句
- 食物先在口腔中被咀嚼，再随着吞咽进入食管。Food is first chewed in the mouth and then passes into the oesophagus as it is swallowed.
- 蛋白质在消化过程中被分解成更小的单位。Protein is broken down into smaller units during digestion.
- 营养物质被吸收以后，还需要被运送到身体的不同部位。After being absorbed, nutrients still need to be transported to different parts of the body.
“不时”：间歇发生的动作
“不时”: Actions recurring from time to time
“不时”放在动词或动词短语前，表示一个动作间歇而反复地发生，通常没有固定的时间间隔。它不表示动作一直持续。
例句
- 观察者不时抬头，留意湖面上的动静。The observer looked up from time to time, watching for activity on the lake.
- 整理记录时，他们不时讨论某一条资料。While organizing the records, they discussed particular entries from time to time.
- 远处不时传来鸟叫声。Bird calls could be heard in the distance from time to time.
方向与处所：连接流动的路径
Direction and location: Connecting stages of a route
“从……回到……”“进入……”“被送往……”等表达可以说明起点、经过的地点与目的地。连贯说明一个过程时，应让每一步的对象和方向清楚。
例句
- 血液从身体各处回到心脏，再被送往肺。Blood returns to the heart from around the body and is then sent to the lungs.
- 血液在肺中获得氧气，随后回到心脏。Blood gains oxygen in the lungs and then returns to the heart.
- 心脏把血液泵入血管，血液沿着血管流向身体的不同部位。The heart pumps blood into blood vessels, through which it flows to different parts of the body.
“而”“则”：连接比较
“而” and “则”: Linking comparisons
比较不同对象时，“而”可以连接有差别的情况；“则”常放在后一分句的主语后，突出这个对象的情况。“则”用于这类比较时，表达通常较为书面。
例句
- 鲨鱼通过鳃获取水中的氧气，而中华草龟用肺吸入空气。Sharks obtain oxygen from water through their gills, whereas Reeves’ turtles breathe air into their lungs.
- 水沿一个方向流过交换表面，血液则沿相反的方向流动。Water passes over the exchange surfaces in one direction, while blood flows in the opposite direction.
- 氧气从环境进入身体，二氧化碳则由身体排向环境。Oxygen enters the body from the environment, while carbon dioxide leaves the body for the environment.
“通过……传递……”：说明方式
“通过…传递…”: Explaining the means of communication
“通过”后可以接传递信息所用的方式或媒介。“传递”后接信息内容，也可以用“向……”说明接收者。加入条件句，可以说明信号在什么情况下发挥作用。
例句
- 黑毛蚁通过化学踪迹向同巢成员传递信息。Black garden ants convey information to nestmates through chemical trails.
- 西方蜜蜂通过摆动舞传递与食物方向和距离有关的信息。Western honey bees convey information about a food source’s direction and distance through waggle dances.
- 如果其他蚂蚁感知到这条踪迹，就可能沿着它寻找食物。If other ants detect the trail, they may follow it to find food.
“赶忙”：迅速回应情况
“赶忙”: Responding quickly to a situation
“赶忙”通常放在动词前，表示因为情况紧迫或需要及时回应而迅速行动。它常与前面发现的情况相联系。
例句
- 发现联络设备出了问题，他赶忙通知负责人。Noticing a problem with the communication equipment, he quickly informed the person in charge.
- 服务地点临时变了，工作人员赶忙更新入口处的说明。The service location changed at short notice, and staff promptly updated the notice at the entrance.
- 听说同事找不到集合地点，她赶忙把地址发了过去。Hearing that a colleague could not find the meeting point, she quickly sent the address.
时间与变化：把感受说具体
Time and change: Describing sensations specifically
“从……开始”可以说明出现某种感受的时间。“一直”“后来”“今天”等表达可以连接持续情况或后续变化。说明症状时，可以把部位、时间和变化放在相互关联的句子里。
例句
- 我的手背从昨晚开始痒，今天有点肿了。The back of my hand began itching last night, and it is a little swollen today.
- 我昨天感到恶心，今天早上吐了一次。I felt nauseous yesterday and vomited once this morning.
- 这几天一直不舒服，今天早上的症状比昨天重一些。I have felt unwell for the past few days, and the symptoms were a little worse this morning than yesterday.
“除非……否则／不然……”：必要条件
“除非…否则／不然…”: A necessary condition
“除非”引出一个必要条件，“否则”或“不然”说明这个条件不满足时的结果。“不然”更常见于口语。后面的结果可以包含“不能”“无法”等否定表达，也可以说明会出现什么情况。
例句
- 除非天气好转，否则这次户外演出只能延期。Unless the weather improves, this outdoor performance will have to be postponed.
- 除非会议时间改变，不然我明天下午不能参加参观。Unless the meeting time changes, I cannot join the visit tomorrow afternoon.
- 除非大家都同意，否则我们不会改变原来的计划。Unless everyone agrees, we will not change the original plan.
“除”：说明范围
“除”: Specifying a scope
“除……外”可以把某一部分从所谈范围中暂时划开，再说明其余部分的情况。
例句
- 除周一外，这家展馆每天都开放。This exhibition venue opens every day except Monday.
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“即便……也……”：条件下仍然成立
“即便…也…”: Remaining true under a condition
“即便”与“即使”意思相近，引出一个条件，后面的“也”说明在这个条件下仍然成立的情况。“可能”等词可以保留对结果的不确定性。
例句
- 即便空气温度相近，不同活动带来的热负荷也可能不同。Even at similar air temperatures, different activities may create different heat loads.
- 即便在同一座公园里，不同地点的遮阳条件也有差别。Even within the same park, shade conditions differ between locations.
- 即便平时身体强壮，也需要了解高温环境中的工作条件。Even someone who is normally physically strong needs to understand working conditions in hot environments.
非生物主语的把字句 把
sentences with non-living subjects
把字句的主语可以是风、雨、阳光等非生物事物，说明它们使某个对象发生了什么变化。动词后通常还需要说明结果、方向或其他相关情况。
例句
- 阵雨把树叶淋湿了。The shower wetted the leaves.
- 风把树叶吹动了。The wind set the leaves moving.
- 阳光把窗边的地面照亮了。Sunlight lit up the floor beside the window.
“一时……一时……”：交替出现的情况
“一时…一时…”: Alternating conditions
“一时……一时……”连接在一段时间里交替出现的动作或状态，意思接近“一会儿……一会儿……”。两个分句通常围绕同一个对象或情境。
例句
- 云层不断移动，天色一时明亮，一时阴暗。As clouds keep moving, the sky alternates between bright and dark.
- 风吹过树梢，叶子一时向左摆，一时向右摆。As wind blows through the treetops, the leaves sway alternately left and right.
- 远处的山峰一时露出来，一时又藏在云里。The distant peaks alternately emerge and disappear into the clouds.
“再三”：反复发生
“再三”: Repetition
“再三”放在动词前，表示一个动作反复发生，常用来突出认真、慎重或强调的语气。它通常不表示恰好三次。
例句
- 他再三确认时间，才把行程定下来。He checked the time repeatedly before finalizing his schedule.
- 经过再三考虑，她决定先了解不同服务的安排。After careful, repeated consideration, she decided to learn about the arrangements for different services first.
- 接待人员再三说明，活动报名与个别咨询预约是不同的安排。Reception staff explained repeatedly that activity registration and individual counselling appointments are separate arrangements.
目的与程度：说明设计选择
Purpose and degree: Explaining design choices
“为了……”可以引出某种设计要达到的目的。“极为”放在形容词等表达前，强调程度高；“恰恰”则可以突出起关键作用的对象或情况。
例句
- 为了让演员活动方便，制作人员选择了轻便的材料。To allow the actor to move comfortably, the makers chose light materials.
- 服装与动作之间的配合极为重要。Coordination between costume and movement is extremely important.
- 让观众注意到角色变化的，恰恰是衣领上的一个细节。It was precisely a detail on the collar that drew the audience’s attention to a change in the character.
时间与依据：连接研究材料
Time and evidence: Connecting research material
“返回……后”“后来”等表达可以连接不同阶段。“根据……”说明判断的依据，“结合……”则表示把相关资料放在一起考虑。叙述科学史时，时间表达也能帮助区分当时的研究与后来的解释。
例句
- 返回英国后，达尔文继续整理航海时采集的材料。After returning to Britain, Darwin continued organizing material collected on the voyage.
- 研究人员根据标本的形态，结合相关记录，分析它们之间的联系。Researchers analyse relationships between specimens based on their forms and in conjunction with relevant records.
- 后来，人们又用新的研究方法认识这些标本。Later, people used new research methods to understand these specimens.
1. “—性”：构成表示性质的词
“—性”: Forming words for qualities
“—性”可以接在一些词语后，构成表示某种性质的名词。例如，“可靠”表示值得信赖，“可靠性”表示可靠的程度或性质。这种构词方式有习惯用法，学习时要把构成的词作为整体来掌握。
例句
- 完整的记录有助于提高结果的可靠性。Complete records help improve the reliability of the results.
- 这项活动的趣味性吸引了不少学生。The enjoyable nature of this activity attracted many students.
2. “未必”：保留其他可能
“未必”: Leaving room for other possibilities
“未必”表示某种情况不一定成立。课文中“未必已经死亡”保留了种子仍有活力的可能，并没有确定它一定健康。
例句
- 这粒种子未必已经死亡，研究人员还要检查它的内部状态。This seed may not be dead; the researchers still need to examine its internal condition.
1. “较为”：比较中的程度
“较为”: Degree in a comparison
“较为”常用于书面表达，放在形容词前表示一定的程度。课文把两组数放在一起，用“较为集中”描述第一组数值之间的关系。
例句
- 与第二组相比，第一组的通勤时间较为集中。Compared with the second set, the commuting times in the first are relatively concentrated.
2. “不……不……，一……才……”：比较后的发现
A discovery through comparison
前后使用同一个动作，说明原先没有注意到的情况怎样在实际行动后显现出来。课文中的“不比较不知道，一比较才发现”强调比较带来的认识。
例句
- 不比较不知道，一比较才发现：这两组数虽然平均数相同，分布却不同。Only by comparing the two sets do we discover that they have the same mean but different distributions.
“的”字结构：说明所属范围
“的” phrases: Specifying the area concerned
地理名称后加“的”，可以说明所谈事物属于哪个范围。多个层次可以逐步展开，使所指对象更清楚。
例句
- 维多利亚州是澳大利亚的一个州。Victoria is a state of Australia.
- 这个州的城市有各自的发展经历。The cities in this state have their own histories of development.
- 我们正在阅读这座城市的饮食文化介绍。We are reading an introduction to this city’s food culture.
“过去……后来……”：连接认识的发展
“过去…后来…”: Linking stages of understanding
“过去”指出较早的阶段，“后来”引出之后的发展。两个阶段可以用不同的材料或认识联系起来，说明研究怎样逐步推进。
例句
- 过去，人们从大陆的形状和化石寻找联系；后来，海底记录提供了新的研究材料。Earlier, researchers sought connections in continental shapes and fossils; later, ocean-floor records provided new material for investigation.
- 后来形成的板块理论，把大陆和海底的变化联系起来。The theory of plate tectonics, developed later, connected changes in continents and the ocean floor.
时间与处所：说明观察的层次
Time and place: Locating observations
“进入……后”“走出……时”把观察与行动联系起来；“上方”“台边”“从……向……”说明位置或方向。“后来”则引入另一个时期，使不同年代的记录各有所指。
例句
- 进入上洞后，他先记下上方与下方的形态。After entering the upper cave, he first recorded the forms above and below.
- 水流从洞北绕过，又向南流入洞中。The water flowed around from the north of the cave and then southwards into it.
- 后来，研究人员用测绘记录洞穴的空间关系。Later, researchers used surveys to record the cave’s spatial relationships.
“亚—”：自然分区中的构词
“亚—”: Word formation in natural zones
“亚—”出现在一些表示区域或类别的词中。“亚热带”指靠近热带、具有过渡特点的气候区域；“亚寒带”则用于靠近寒带的区域名称。这些词要作为固定名称学习，具体范围由相应的分类标准确定。
例句
- 这篇文章比较了亚热带与亚寒带地区的植物。The article compares plants in subtropical and subarctic regions.
- 研究人员把海拔与气候资料结合起来，说明当地植被的特点。Researchers combine elevation and climate information to explain the characteristics of local vegetation.
非生物主语的“把”字句
“把” sentences with non-living subjects
“把”字句的主语可以是自然力量或现象。“水流把卡片带向别处”说明水流使卡片的位置发生变化，后面的成分交代变化的方向或结果。
例句
- 水流把卡片带向别处。The current carries the card elsewhere.
- 海风把岸上的旗子吹得飘了起来。The sea breeze makes the flag on shore flutter.
1. “仍旧”：原有状态继续
“仍旧”: A state continues
“仍旧”放在动词或形容词前，表示原有状态继续存在。课文中，即使季节转为夏季，高原寒冷的状态仍在持续。
例句
- 这里即使到了夏季，仍旧十分寒冷。It remains very cold here even in summer.
2. “特地”：专门为一个目的
“特地”: For a specific purpose
“特地”放在动词前，强调专门为某个目的采取行动。“为了……”可以把目的说得更明确。
例句
- 为了了解地衣，她特地查阅了有关资料。She specifically consulted relevant materials to learn about lichens.
“依旧”：状态持续
“依旧”: A continuing state
“依旧”可以放在动词或形容词前，表示原来的情况继续存在。课文用“依旧黑暗而寒冷”，说明这些坑底经过很长时间，状态仍在持续。
例句
- 有些坑底即使经历了很长时间，依旧黑暗而寒冷。Some crater floors remain dark and cold even over very long periods.
- 夜深了，窗外依旧很安静。It was late at night, and it was still quiet outside the window.
“有时……有时……”：不同时段的情况
“有时…有时…”: Different situations over time
“有时……有时……”并列说明不同时候出现的情况。它强调情况随时间或条件变化，不表示每种情况都按固定顺序发生。
例句
- 电网有时增加其他电源的发电量，有时调用先前储存的电。The grid sometimes increases other generation and sometimes draws on previously stored energy.
- 白天与夜晚的用电量可能不同，比较时需要写清各自的时间范围。Daytime and nighttime energy use may differ; comparisons need clearly defined periods.
“由于……因此……”：原因与结果
“由于…因此…”: Cause and result
“由于”引出原因，“因此”引出由这个原因产生的结果。说明技术过程时，要把结果所需的条件交代清楚。
例句
- 由于设备效率不同，因此完成同样工作所需的燃料量可能不同。Because equipment efficiency differs, the amount of fuel needed to perform the same work may differ.
- 由于甲烷充分燃烧时会产生二氧化碳，因此研究燃料使用时也要关注这种排放。Because complete combustion of methane produces carbon dioxide, studying fuel use also involves considering these emissions.
“滴”：计量少量液体
“滴”: Counting drops of liquid
“滴”可以作量词，表示液体的一小滴，常与“一”“几”等数量词连用。课文用“一滴水”把关注点放到水所经过的环节上。
例句
- 叶片上留着几滴水。A few drops of water remain on the leaf.
- 从一滴水的去向，可以认识城市用水的不同环节。Following a drop of water helps us understand different stages of urban water use.
“根据……提出……”：从依据到建议
“根据…提出…”: From evidence to a proposal
“根据”引出判断或建议的依据，“提出”说明把意见表达出来。依据可以是记录、现场情况或有关资料，后面要交代具体的意见。
例句
- 技术人员根据设备运行记录，提出了调整维护安排的建议。The specialists proposed changes to maintenance arrangements based on equipment operating records.
- 居民根据自己的休息时间，提出了协调装卸时段的建议。Residents proposed coordinating delivery times in light of their resting hours.
非生物主语的“把”字句：空间作用
“把” sentences: Spatial effects of non-living subjects
建筑中的构造可以作主语，说明它怎样改变空间关系。后面的成分交代连接、分隔或阻挡的结果。
例句
- 门、走廊和楼梯把不同空间连接起来。Doors, corridors and stairs connect different spaces.
- 这些构造把建筑内部的空间分隔开。These structures divide the interior of the building into separate spaces.
- 箱子如果占据通道，就可能把通行空间挡住。Boxes occupying a route may block the space available for passage.
1. “于”“因”：书面语中的时间与原因
“于” and “因”: Time and cause in writing
“于”可以引出动作发生的时间；“因”可以引出原因，两者都常见于书面表达。
例句
- 应急管理部于12月20日发布了另一份通报。The Ministry of Emergency Management published another update on 20 December.
- 因地震遭受损失的地区需要支援。Areas suffering earthquake damage need assistance.
2. “到……为止”：说明时间范围的终点
“到…为止”: Giving the endpoint of a period
“到……为止”说明一段时间计算到哪里。“截至目前”可以用“到目前为止”来理解；具体指哪个时刻，要结合上下文。
例句
- 到这份通报发布时为止，相关工作仍在继续。The work was still continuing at the time this update was published.
“为……留出……”：安排空间
“为…留出…”: Reserving space
“为”引出空间所服务的对象或用途，“留出”表示安排出可以使用的空间。后面可以说明具体面积、位置或功能。
例句
- 新通道为较高水位时的水流留出更多空间。The new channel gives higher river flows more space.
- 桥梁把岛与周围地区连接起来，为居民活动提供了条件。Bridges connect the island with surrounding areas and support residents’ activities.
“总算”：经过一段过程后实现
“总算”: Finally, after a process
“总算”放在动词前，表示经过一段时间、努力或等待，某种结果终于实现。课文用它表达选手进入期待已久的决赛。
例句
- 三号接连战胜两位对手，总算进入了期待已久的决赛。After defeating two opponents in succession, Player 3 finally reached the long-awaited final.
- 经过几次调整，大家总算确定了比赛时间。After several adjustments, everyone finally agreed on the time for the matches.
数量与“还剩……”
Quantities and “还剩……”
“还剩”表示已有一部分完成或用去之后，留下的数量。课文中的比赛采用三局两胜；双方各赢一局之后，还剩一局。“一局”“一盘”都可以计数棋类对局；课文用“第一局”说围棋，用“一盘象棋”说象棋。
例句
- 这场比赛已经打了两局，还剩最后一局。Two games have been played in this match, and only the final game remains.
- 父女俩下完一盘象棋，又下了一盘。The father and daughter finished one game of Chinese chess and then played another.
“反—”：相反或反向
“反—”: Opposite or reverse
“反—”可以放在某些词前，表示相反或反向，如“反方向”。具体组合遵循习惯用法，不能任意加在所有词前。“反复训练”中的“反复”是一个完整词，表示多次进行。
例句
- 录像中，运动员先向一个方向旋转，随后沿反方向转了一圈。In the video, the athlete first spins in one direction and then makes a full turn in the opposite direction.
- 他们反复比较几次比赛的成绩，寻找进步的空间。They repeatedly compare results from several competitions to identify opportunities for improvement.
“就算……也……”：假设中的让步
“就算……也……”: Concession in a hypothetical situation
“就算”提出一种假设，“也”引出在这种情况下仍成立的判断。它可以说明某个条件不能代替另一个必要条件。
例句
- 就算场地准备好了，也还需要安排住宿和交通。Even if the venue is ready, accommodation and transport still need to be arranged.
- 就算只有少数人参加，活动也需要认真组织。Even if only a few people take part, the activity still needs to be carefully organized.
“于”：引出处所
“于”: Introducing a place
在书面语中，“于”可以引出动作发生或事物来源的处所。“出土于一号坑”相当于“在一号坑出土”。这类表达常用于文物介绍。
例句
- 这件陶俑出土于秦兵马俑一号坑。This terracotta figure was excavated from Pit 1 of the Qin Terracotta Army.
- 这件跪射俑收藏于秦始皇帝陵博物院。This kneeling archer figure is held in Emperor Qinshihuang’s Mausoleum Site Museum.
“向”引出对象，“由”引出承担者
“向” for the recipient and “由” for the responsible party
“向”可以引出呈送的对象；“由”可以引出负责某项工作的人或机构。两种表达分别说明文书送给谁，以及某项工作由谁承担。
例句
- 官员向皇帝呈送奏折。The official submits a memorial to the emperor.
- 文书的抄录由专人负责。A designated person is responsible for copying the documents.
“异常”：程度很高
“异常”: An unusually high degree
“异常”作程度副词时，放在形容词前，表示程度很高，常用于书面语。课文中的“异常沉重”表示非常重。这里的“异常”不表示器物出了问题。
例句
- 这件大型青铜器异常沉重。This large bronze object is exceptionally heavy.
- 夜深了，展厅外异常安静。Late at night, it was unusually quiet outside the exhibition hall.
“特地”：为某个目的专门行动
“特地”: Acting for a particular purpose
“特地”强调某次行动有特定目的，通常放在动词前。
例句
- 为了了解这件鼎的铭文，她特地查阅了博物馆的介绍。She consulted the museum’s account specifically to learn about the ding’s inscription.
“随着……”：伴随变化
“随着……” for accompanying change
“随着”引出一种变化，后面的分句说明伴随它出现的另一种变化。
例句
- 随着材料增加，可供比较的器物类型也更多了。As more material became available, there were also more types of objects to compare.
“不仅……还……”：补充一层信息
“不仅……还……” for an additional point
“不仅”和“还”连接两层相关的信息，后一层补充前一层。
例句
- 良渚遗址不仅保存了精美的玉器，还保留了城址和水利设施。The Liangzhu site preserves not only fine jade objects, but also city remains and water-management facilities.
“当时”与“在……以后”：定位历史时间
“当时” and “在……以后”: Locating events in time
“当时”指前文提到的时间，需要结合上下文理解。“在……以后”把一个事件作为时间起点，说明后面的事情发生得更晚。
例句
- 这首歌创作于1935年。当时，它是电影的主题歌。The song was written in 1935. At that time, it was the film’s theme song.
- 在歌曲广为传唱以后，它又承担了国家象征的作用。After the song became widely sung, it also took on the role of a national symbol.
“于”：书面语中的处所
“于”: Place in written Chinese
“于”可以引出处所。“总部设于某地”说明总部所在的位置，相当于“总部设在某地”，常见于正式的书面介绍。
例句
- 联合国停战监督组织的总部设于耶路撒冷。The United Nations Truce Supervision Organization has its headquarters in Jerusalem.
- 这份介绍保存于资料室，供工作人员查阅。This introduction is kept in the reference room for staff to consult.
常见问题
HSK 6 级要掌握哪些语法？
这里列出的是 HuWolMont 6 级教材实际讲到的语法点，按课排列，可以对照复习。
光看讲解够吗？
不够。每个语法点在 App 里都有练习和即时反馈，学完一课还有学习自查。
内容来自 HuWolMont HSK 3.0 教材（按 2025 版考试大纲编写）。