释义和例句译文目前只有英文。
5 级 · 第 1 册
“本”：书面语中的近指限定
“本”: A formal way to refer to the present item
“本”放在名词前，可以指当前所说的课程、活动、机构或材料，相当于较正式的“这、这个”。这里的“本”不是“一本书”中的量词。
例句
- 本课程从这样的问题开始。This course begins with questions like these.
- 本单元的资料可以在课前阅读。The materials for this unit can be read before class.
“册”：计算装订成册的书刊
“册”: Counting bound volumes
“册”是书刊等的量词，放在数词和名词之间。说一套书的各个组成部分时，也常用“第一册、第二册”等。
例句
- 这套资料共两册。This set of materials has two volumes.
- 我借了一册介绍城市历史的书。I borrowed a volume about the history of the city.
“如此”：回指前面说过的情况
“如此”: Referring back to a situation
“如此”可以表示“这样”，回指前面已经说明的情况或做法，常见于较正式的表达。读者应能从前文知道它具体指什么。
例句
- 掌握方法需要练习，学会运用方法也是如此。Mastering a method takes practice; learning to apply it does too.
- 第一个小组先交谈，再讨论；第二个小组也是如此。The first group talks before discussing what happened; the second group does the same.
“……，便……”：前后动作的承接
“便”: Linking successive actions
“便”放在后一个分句的动词前，可以说明前面的事情发生后，后一个动作随之进行。这种用法常见于书面叙述。
例句
- 听完说明，学生便试着把想问的事写下来。After hearing the explanation, the students began writing down what they wanted to ask.
- 她看完这段话，便说起自己小时候的经历。After reading the passage, she began talking about her childhood.
时间、处所与方式：把动作说清楚
Time, place and manner: Giving a clear account of an action
一个句子可以同时交代动作发生的时间、地点和方式。较常见的次序是“主语＋时间＋处所＋方式＋动词”；时间也可以放在主语前。选择次序时，要让信息关系清楚，不必把每句话都写得很长。
例句
- 我第二天下午在教室里仔细地整理了店主的话。The following afternoon, I carefully organised the owner's words in the classroom.
- 第二天下午，我在教室里仔细地整理了店主的话。The following afternoon, I carefully organised the owner's words in the classroom.
- 时间、处所等成分的排列还会受到上下文和表达重点的影响，上面的顺序不是所有句子的唯一形式。The order of time, place and other elements can also depend on context and emphasis. The order shown above is not the only possible pattern.
“过于”：超过合适的程度
“过于”: Beyond a suitable degree
“过于”放在形容词或表示状态的词语前，说明某种程度超过说话人认为合适的范围，通常带有评价。“很”只是表示程度高，不一定有这种评价。
例句
- 对这段文字来说，过于匆忙，可能会少一些体会。With this passage, rushing too much may mean missing some of the experience.
- 问题过于复杂，对方可能需要更多时间考虑。If a question is too complicated, the other person may need more time to consider it.
“A来A去”：动作反复进行
“A来A去”: A repeated action
把适合的单音节动词放进“A来A去”，可以表示动作来回或反复进行，如“走来走去、想来想去”。这个形式本身不说明最后有没有结果。
例句
- 我想来想去，注意到了那个“却”字。As I thought it over, I noticed the word “却”.
- 他在书架前走来走去，最后选了一本短篇故事集。He walked back and forth in front of the bookshelves and finally chose a collection of short stories.
“老是”：带有态度的反复
“老是”: Repetition with an attitude
“老是”放在动词或动词短语前，表示某种情况反复发生，常带有不满、抱怨或无奈的语气。它不一定表示每一次都如此。
例句
- 我们老是急着把每一分钟填满。We are always rushing to fill every minute.
- 你老是打断他，他怎么把故事讲完呢？You keep interrupting him. How can he finish his story?
“……，为的是……”：说明目的 “……，为的是……” :
Stating a purpose
前一部分说采取的行动，“为的是”后面说希望实现的目的。目的不等于已经发生的结果。
例句
- 我们保留他的说话方式，为的是让听众认识真实的他。We keep the way he speaks so that listeners can get to know him as he really is.
- 她把音乐调低，为的是让大家听清师傅的回答。She lowers the music so that everyone can hear the cook's answer clearly.
“朵”：花的量词
“朵”: A measure word for flowers
“朵”可以用来数花。“数词＋朵＋花”说明花的数量；“几朵”表示数量不多而没有说出确切数目。
例句
- 窗边开着几朵小花。A few small flowers are blooming by the window.
- 她把一朵花放在桌上的杯子里。She puts a flower in the cup on the table.
“以及”：连接并列信息
“以及”: Linking parallel information
“以及”连接地位并列的词语或短语，常用于较正式的介绍。列出多个项目时，常在最后一项前用“以及”。
例句
- 图书馆、实验室以及学习支持中心，都让学习有了不同的可能。The library, laboratories and learning support centre all make different kinds of learning possible.
- 介绍中说明了设施的用途以及开放时间。The introduction explains the purposes of the facilities as well as their opening hours.
“起来”：状态开始发生
“起来”: The beginning of a state
形容词或动词后面的“起来”可以表示一种状态或活动开始出现。这里并不表示向上移动。
例句
- 听说可以一起找答案，她立刻高兴起来。She brightens at once when she hears that we can look for an answer together.
- 看着墙上长长的兔子影子，她笑了起来。She starts laughing at the rabbit's long shadow on the wall.
“看一眼”：短暂地看
“看一眼”: Taking a brief look
“眼”用在“看”后面，可以表示看的次数。“看一眼”常强调看得短暂；“只看一眼”突出观察有限。
例句
- 我看了一眼，觉得它们不过是颜色不同。I took one glance and thought they were merely different colours.
- 请你再看一眼两块木片的表面。Please take another look at the surfaces of the two pieces of wood.
“毕竟”：提出需要考虑的事实
“毕竟”: Introducing a fact that should be considered
“毕竟”提示一个有解释作用的事实，帮助对方理解前面的判断、建议或态度。
例句
- 别着急，你毕竟才来了几天。Take your time. After all, you have only been here a few days.
- 不能只看颜色就判断材料，颜色毕竟只是它的一种特点。You cannot judge a material by colour alone; after all, colour is only one of its features.
“连忙”：遇到事情马上行动
“连忙”: Responding promptly
“连忙”放在动作前，强调受到某件事的触发，马上作出反应。它常用于叙述已经发生的事情。
例句
- 工作人员问相机是不是新的，我连忙解释了使用情况。When the officer asked whether the camera was new, I quickly explained how I had used it.
- 听见有人叫我，我连忙转过身来。Hearing someone call me, I promptly turned around.
“凭”：说明依据
“凭”: Stating a basis
“凭”可以放在证件、经验或其他依据前，说明判断或行动依靠什么。
例句
- 我不能只凭以前旅行的经验判断。I cannot judge solely on the basis of my previous travel experience.
- 可以凭哪一种证件确认本人身份？Which document can be used to verify my identity?
“被＋施事＋给＋动词”：口语中的被动句
“被 + agent + 给 + verb”: A conversational passive
在一些口语被动句里，“给”出现在“被”引出的动作发出者之后、动词之前，加强事情发生了的语气。“给”在这里不表示把东西交给某人；省去它，基本意思通常不变。
例句
- 厨房桌子被那箱书给占了。The box of books took over the kitchen table.
- 厨房桌子被那箱书占了。The kitchen table was taken over by the box of books.
- 这本书被他给拿走了。He has gone and taken this book away.
“急忙”：匆忙采取行动
“急忙”: Acting in a hurry
“急忙”放在动词前，说明人在着急或时间紧迫时匆忙行动。它描述行动时的状态，并不保证事情很快完成。
例句
- 发现证件夹不见了，我急忙到附近寻找。When I realised the wallet was missing, I hurried to search nearby.
“尽快”：尽可能早地行动
“尽快”: Acting as soon as possible
“尽快”表示尽可能缩短行动或完成事情前的等待时间，常用于请求和安排。“请尽快联系我”不是“请匆忙地联系我”。
例句
- 如果有消息，请尽快联系我。If there is any news, please contact me as soon as possible.
- 他急忙写下电话号码，请工作人员尽快转告朋友。He hurriedly wrote down his number and asked the staff member to pass it on to his friend as soon as possible.
否定与情态：范围不同，意思不同
Negation and modality: A change in scope changes meaning
否定词与表示可能、必要或确定程度的词组合时，位置不同，意思可能不同。例如，“不一定能”表示能不能还不确定；“一定不能”则明确表示不能。
例句
- 我不一定能亲自去。I may not be able to go in person.
- 我一定不能亲自去。I definitely cannot go in person.
- “不必亲自提交”只是否定“亲自提交”的必要性，并不等于“不能亲自提交”。“不一定都需要”也不等于“都不需要”。“不必亲自提交” means that submitting in person is not required; it does not mean it is prohibited. “不一定都需要” does not mean “都不需要”.
“你说什么就是什么”：接受对方的安排
“你说什么就是什么”: Accepting another person's decision
“你说什么就是什么”可以表示愿意接受对方的意见或安排。语气和关系很重要：友好地说可以表示信任，带着不满说也可能表示不想继续争论。
例句
- 你常来，今天听你的，你说什么就是什么。You come here often, so I'll leave it to you today. Whatever you say goes.
- “我们先吃面，再去看展览，好吗？”“好，你说什么就是什么。”“Shall we have noodles first and then visit the exhibition?” “Sure. Whatever you say goes.”
“沿（着）”：沿一条路线移动
“沿（着）”: Moving along a route
“沿”或“沿着”放在道路、河流等词语前，说明动作顺着这条路线进行。后面常有“走、往前走”等动作。
例句
- 我跟朋友沿着街道往前走。I walked along the street with my friend.
- 离开面馆后，我们沿街走进一家小店。After leaving the noodle restaurant, we walked along the street into a small shop.
“动词＋得＋动词短语”：动作造成的反应
“Verb + 得 + verb phrase”: A response caused by an action
动作后面可以用“得”引出它造成的反应，补语也可以是一个动词短语。使用“让人”等动词短语时，可以进一步说明反应由谁产生。
例句
- 他讲得让人想再听一会儿。He spoke so engagingly that people wanted to listen a little longer.
- 他笑得说不出话来。He laughed so hard that he could not speak.
“要不然”：提醒另一种后果
“要不然”: Warning of an alternative consequence
前面提出一种做法，后面用“要不然”说明不这样做可能出现的后果，常用于提醒或建议。这里的“不然”也可以单独使用。
例句
- 货物到站以后要尽快搬进合适的地方，要不然在外面放得太久，品质可能下降。Move the goods promptly to a suitable place after arrival; otherwise, their quality may decline if they are left outside too long.
“因而”：说明原因产生的结果
“因而”: Introducing a result
“因而”连接原因和结果，常见于说明或较正式的叙述。它与“所以”意思接近，但语体较书面。
例句
- 不同水果适合的温度不同，因而不能全部放在同一个地方。Different fruits require different temperatures, so they cannot all be kept in the same place.
“万一……，（就）……”：为可能的意外作准备 “万一……，（就）……”：Preparing
for an unlikely event
“万一”引出发生可能性较小、但需要考虑的情况，后面可以说明应对办法，也可以询问怎么办。它不表示事情一定会发生。
例句
- 万一途中身体不舒服，可以向谁求助？If I happen to feel unwell during the journey, who can I ask for help?
- 万一找不到座位号，就请乘务员帮忙。If you happen to be unable to find your seat number, ask a crew member for help.
量词“副”：成双或成套的物品
“副”: A measure word for paired or matching objects
“副”用于一些成双或成套的物品，例如“一副眼镜、一副手套”。搭配要分别学习，不能把所有两个一组的东西都用“副”来数。
例句
- 他摘下了一副眼镜。He took off his glasses.
“相当”：表示较高的程度
“相当”: Expressing a fairly high degree
副词“相当”放在形容词等前面，表示程度比较高。这里不表示两个对象相等。
例句
- 这台相机操作相当方便。This camera is quite convenient to operate.
- 了解以后的维修费用相当重要。It is quite important to understand future repair costs.
“反而”与“不但没有……，反而……”
“反而” and “不但没有……，反而……”
“反而”表示实际或预计的结果与原来的期待相反。“不但没有……，反而……”先否定原本期待的结果，再指出相反方向的结果，语气更强。
例句
- 为了拿到优惠多买东西，我反而多花九十元。Buying more things to obtain the discount would instead cost me 90 yuan more.
- 那次我不但没有省下钱，反而因为吃不完，扔掉了一部分点心。That time, not only did I fail to save money; I ended up throwing some snacks away because I could not finish them.
“过来”：恢复到正常状态
“过来”: Returning to a normal state
“过来”放在某些动词后，可以表示从不正常、紧张或疲惫等状态恢复过来，不一定表示空间移动。要结合前面的动词和具体语境理解。
例句
- 这几天，人也慢慢缓过来了。Over these days, I gradually began to feel more like myself again.
- 忙了一整天，我休息了一会儿才缓过来。After being busy all day, I needed a short rest before I felt recovered.
“下来”：状态趋于平稳
“下来” for a state becoming settled
“下来”接在某些动词或形容词后，可以表示状态由强、动等逐渐变得平稳，不表示从高处向低处移动。
例句
- 我想安静下来，再把最近的感受写清楚。I want to settle down before clearly writing out how I have been feeling.
- 他说话的声音慢慢低下来。His voice gradually becomes quieter.
“似乎”：保留判断的确定程度
“似乎” for a tentative judgment
“似乎”表示根据感觉或观察作出的不完全确定的判断，常放在动词或形容词前。
例句
- 读完标题，他似乎已经有了答案。After reading the title, he seems to have an answer already.
“根本”与否定
“根本” with negation
“根本”常与“不”“没有”“不能”等连用，加强否定语气，表示从基础上或完全否定某件事。
例句
- 这篇文章根本没有说明研究对象是谁。This article does not explain at all who was studied.
复习：“把”字句中的结果
Review: results in “把” sentences
“把”字句可以说明对已知对象作了什么处理，动词后通常还要说明结果、位置等。
例句
- 我们把照片放在桌上，一起欣赏。We put the photographs on the table and enjoy looking at them together.
- 我把三张窗户照片按时间排在一起。I arrange the three photographs of the window in time order.
“V着V着”：持续中的变化
“V着V着” for change during an action
重复动词并各加“着”，先表示动作持续，后面再说明这时出现的变化或发现。
例句
- 我站着站着，发现天边亮了。As I stand there, I notice the horizon becoming light.
“不得了”：强烈程度
“不得了” for a strong degree
“形容词＋得＋不得了”强调程度很高，常用于口语。
例句
- 清晨那段安静的时光好得不得了。Those quiet early hours were absolutely wonderful.
“形容词＋得＋不得了”：强调状态
“Adjective + 得 + 不得了” to emphasise a state
形容词后用“得”连接“不得了”，表示某种状态的程度很高，常带说话人的感受。不能省去中间的“得”。
例句
- 夏天的下午，窗边热得不得了。On summer afternoons, it is terribly hot by the window.
- 夏天傍晚坐在阳台上，我舒服得不得了。Sitting on the balcony on a summer evening, I feel wonderfully comfortable.
“X什么X”：带否定态度的反问
“X什么X” as a disapproving rhetorical question
重复同一个动词，中间加“什么”，可以表示不赞成或制止对方的行为，并不是真的询问动作内容。这个结构语气较强，直接对别人说可能不礼貌。
例句
- “唱什么唱！”在这个场景中相当于“别唱了！”In this scene, “唱什么唱!” amounts to “Stop singing!”
- 更平和的表达是：“现在有人休息，能不能轻一点？”A calmer way to say it is: “Some people are resting now. Could you be a little quieter?”
“居然”：结果出乎预期
“居然” for an unexpected result
“居然”放在谓语前，强调实际情况超出了说话人的预期；上下文应能看出原来的预期。
例句
- 我们平时只点头打招呼，他居然知道我的家乡。We usually only nod to each other, yet he unexpectedly knows my hometown.
“A的A，B的B”：分别进行的动作
“A的A，B的B” for different people doing different things
这个格式并列描写不同的人分别做不同的事。动词在每一项中重复，“的”不能换成“地”或“得”。
例句
- 大家搬椅子的搬椅子，摆餐具的摆餐具。Some carry chairs while others lay out tableware.
“叫／让＋宾语＋给＋动词”：口语中的被动
Conversational passive with “叫/让 + agent + 给 + verb”
这个结构中，主语是受到动作影响的对象，“叫”或“让”后面的宾语是造成影响的人或事物。“给”加强口语语气，不是“给予”的意思。这里的“让”也不表示要求别人做事。
例句
- 一张纸让桌上的水给弄湿了。A sheet of paper was made wet by the water on the table.
- 衣服叫突然下的雨给淋湿了。The clothes were soaked by the sudden rain.
“把＋宾语＋一＋动词”：动作接着结果
“把 + object + 一 + verb”: An action followed by its result
叙事中可以用“把＋宾语＋一＋动词”紧凑地说出一个动作，后面常接随之发生的情况。这里的“一”不是在计算物品数量。
例句
- 外婆把纸盒一开，大家就围了过来。Grandma opened the box, and everyone gathered around.
- 我把照片一翻，才看见背后写着当年的日期。I turned the photograph over and only then saw the date written on the back.
“替”：代为做事
“替”: Doing something for someone
“替＋人”放在动词前，说明代替这个人做事，或为这个人承担某项行动。
例句
- 有人替我提前安排好了，我才觉得生活很顺。Life felt easy because someone had planned things in advance for me.
- 今天我替你去买日用品。I will buy the household supplies for you today.
“用不着”：没有必要
“用不着”: No need
“用不着＋动词短语”表示没有必要这样做，不表示没有能力做。
例句
- 用不着每件事都等对方分配。There is no need to wait for the other person to assign every task.
- 东西已经买好了，你用不着再跑一趟。The things have already been bought; you do not need to make another trip.
“什么X不X（的）”：不必这样顾虑
“什么X不X（的）”: Dismissing a concern
“什么”后接“X不X”，可以表示说话人不接受对方提出的顾虑或评价，并不是在提问。这个说法口语色彩较强，语气可能亲切，也可能显得不耐烦，要看关系和场合。
例句
- “我怕给你添麻烦。”——“什么麻烦不麻烦的，你先说说遇到了什么事。”“I am afraid of troubling you.” — “Don't worry about that. Tell me what has happened first.”
- “你忙，我改天再问。”——“什么忙不忙的，我现在有时间，你说吧。”“You are busy. I will ask another day.” — “Don't worry about that. I have time now. Go ahead.”
“即将＋动词”：事情快要发生
“即将 + verb”: Something is about to happen
“即将”放在动词或动词短语前，表示事情将在不久以后发生，常见于通知和较正式的介绍。它说明事情尚未发生。
例句
- 展览下周即将开幕。The exhibition opens next week.
- 我们即将进入最后的准备阶段。We are about to enter the final preparation stage.
“X着也是X着”：既然这样，不如做点事
“X着也是X着”: Making use of an existing situation
这个口语结构先说一种正在持续的状态，常引出利用这段时间做某事的建议。
例句
- 闲着也是闲着，先来看看这些资料吧。Since you have time on your hands, come and look at these materials.
- 等着也是等着，我们先把明天的问题想一想。Since we are waiting anyway, let us think about tomorrow's questions.
“真有你的”：对表现作评价
“真有你的”: Reacting to someone's performance
“真有你的”是口语评价。有明确成果时，常表示赞赏；在责备的语境中也可能带讽刺。本课同事看过清楚的资料后这样说，表示肯定。
例句
- 第一次整理就想到了后面的人怎么查，真有你的！You thought about how the next person would look things up on your first attempt. Nice work!
- 他把散乱的材料整理得很清楚。真有他的！He has organised the scattered materials very clearly. Good for him!
5 级 · 第 2 册
“亲自”：由本人做
“亲自”: Doing something oneself
“亲自”放在动词前，强调由这个人本人做，而不是交给别人代做。它不等于“独自”，一个人亲自做事时也可以有人协助。
例句
- 离职前，我亲自把正在修的几件东西交给同事。Before leaving, I personally handed the objects I was repairing over to colleagues.
“或是……，或是……”：列出不同选择 “或是……，或是……” :
Presenting alternatives
这个结构陈述几个可选择或可能发生的情况，不是要求对方从中回答的选择问句。
例句
- 或是修家里的小东西，或是做一个木盒，都可以慢慢来。Whether repairing something small at home or making a wooden box, I can take my time.
- 休息时，我或是散步，或是读书。When resting, I either take a walk or read.
“始终”：贯穿整个过程
“始终”: Throughout a process
“始终”表示从开始到结束一直如此，常与稳定的态度或持续的情况搭配。它不只是“常常”。
例句
- 我们始终围绕观众需要讨论。Throughout the discussion, we focus on visitors' needs.
“同＋人＋动词”：引出交往对象
“同 + person + verb”: Introducing someone involved in an interaction
“同”可以引出讨论、交谈等动作涉及的人，意义接近这里的“跟”。
例句
- 我同讲解员先谈过。I have spoken with the guide first.
- 编辑同设计者讨论文字的位置。The editor discusses the position of the text with the designer.
“假如……，（就）……”：设想条件 “假如……，（就）……” :
Imagining a condition
“假如”引出设想的条件，后面说明在这个条件下的结果；“就”有时可以省略。句子不表示条件已经发生。
例句
- 假如开头已经有很长的故事，观众就不容易找到展览的主题。If the beginning already contains a long story, visitors may struggle to find the exhibition's theme.
- 假如只留一句话，你会选择哪一句？If you could keep only one sentence, which would you choose?
“尽量”：在条件允许的范围内努力
“尽量”: Doing as much as circumstances allow
“尽量”放在动词前，表示在实际条件允许的范围内努力做到，不保证完全做到。
例句
- 我们会尽量留出提问时间。We will leave as much time for questions as we can.
- 请尽量把遇到的问题说具体。Please describe the problem as specifically as you can.
“刚好”：条件恰好合适
“刚好”: A situation that fits exactly
“刚好”可以表示时间、数量或情况恰好合适。本课说现场正在准备活动，因此新人有了观察工作的机会。
例句
- 刚好有一场小型活动在准备，你们可以看看。A small event happens to be in preparation, so you can observe it.
- 这一组刚好四个人，可以一起讨论。There are exactly four people in this group, so they can discuss together.
“彼此”：相互关系
“彼此”: A reciprocal relationship
“彼此”可以指关系中的双方或多方，强调相互的关系。它可以作宾语，也可以放在动词前。
例句
- 我们知道彼此在忙什么。We knew what each other was doing.
- 大家彼此帮助。Everyone helps one another.
“自从”：起点与后续变化
“自从”: A starting point and subsequent change
“自从”引出过去的时间或事件，后面说明从那以后持续的情况或发生的变化。
例句
- 自从店铺扩大以后，我当老板的感觉变了。Since the shop expanded, being the owner has felt different.
名词后缀“头”
The noun suffix “头”
在“木头、石头”等词里，“头”是名词后缀，通常读轻声。这些词要作为完整词语学习，不表示人的头部，也不能随意把“头”加在所有名词后。
例句
- 周启拿来两块木头。Zhou Qi brought two pieces of wood.
- 路边有一块石头。There is a stone beside the road.
“A的A，B的B”：分别进行不同的活动
“A的A，B的B”: Different people carrying out different activities
“清点的清点，搬货的搬货”把不同的人和活动放在一起，说明大家各做各的事。这里的“的”把前面的动作与做这个动作的人联系起来。
例句
- 货物到了，清点的清点，搬货的搬货。The goods arrived: some counted them, while others moved them.
- 活动结束后，收拾的收拾，聊天的聊天。After the event, some tidied up while others chatted.
“用不着”：没有必要
“用不着”: Not needing to do something
“用不着”后面接动作，说明没有必要这样做，不是说没有能力做。
例句
- 我们用不着提着水桶到河边取水。We do not need to carry a bucket to the river to fetch water.
- 这份说明已经列出了水源名称，你用不着再抄一遍。The source names are already listed in this explanation; you do not need to copy them out again.
“相当”：说明程度较高
“相当”: Describing a fairly high degree
“相当”放在形容词等前面，表示程度较高。它常用于比较差别或描述特点。
例句
- 想象中的画面与真实地表之间，差别有时相当大。The difference between the imagined picture and the actual ground can sometimes be considerable.
- 这段关于石块来源的说明相当具体。This explanation of where the stones came from is quite specific.
“下去”：情况继续
“下去”: A situation continuing
“下去”放在某些动词或形容词后面，可以表示动作或状态继续，不一定表示向低处移动。
例句
- 天气还会一直冷下去吗？Will it stay cold like this?
- 我们会把这项观察继续下去。We will continue this observation.
量词“根”：细长物体
“根”: A measure word for long, slender objects
量词“根”用于一些细长物体，如“一根竹子、一根绳子”。它与表示植物地下部分的名词“根”用法不同。
例句
- 走近一根竹子，才能看清它的节。Only by approaching a bamboo stem can you see its nodes clearly.
“不然”：另一种后果
“不然”: An alternative consequence
“不然”可以说明不按前面说的方式做，可能出现的后果。这个用法与“要不然”相近。
例句
- 先量好竹材的长度，不然做出的物件可能不合用。Measure the bamboo first; otherwise, the finished object may not be suitable for its intended use.
量词“群”：成群的人或动物
“群”: A measure word for groups of people or animals
“群”用于聚在一起的人或动物，通常强调作为一个整体来看，不说明精确数量。
例句
- 一群大象陆续经过树林。A group of elephants passed through the woodland one after another.
- 远处有一群鸟。There is a group of birds in the distance.
“渐渐”：随时间发生变化
“渐渐” for change over time
“渐渐”放在谓语前，说明变化一点一点地发生，通常不能用来描写瞬间完成的动作。
例句
- 天气变暖，叶子上的虫子渐渐多了起来。As the weather warms, insects gradually become more numerous on the leaves.
“通常”：一般情况
“通常” for the usual situation
“通常”表示一般如此，但允许例外；它不等于“总是”。
例句
- 蚜虫通常聚在比较嫩的叶片和枝条上。Aphids usually gather on tender leaves and shoots.
“相对”与比较的范围
“相对” and the scope of a comparison
“相对”表示与另一情况相比。使用时要能从上下文理解比较对象，不能只用它代替具体说明。
例句
- 与没有路灯时相比，这一段路夜里走起来相对方便。Compared with when there were no streetlights, this section is relatively convenient to walk at night.
“曾经”：过去有过的情况
“曾经” for a past situation or experience
“曾经”表示过去有过某种情况，本身不表示这一情况一直持续到现在。
例句
- 这里曾经生产煤气，现在是公共空间。Gas was once produced here; it is now a public space.
“（自）……以来”：从过去起点到现在或参照时点
“（自）……以来” for a period beginning in the past
“以来”接在时间或事件后，说明从该起点延续到现在或上下文中的参照时点，前面可以有“自”。
例句
- 公园开放以来，人们对这块土地的认识发生了变化。Since the park opened, people’s understanding of this land has changed.
“较”：书面语中的程度比较
“较” for degree comparison in writing
“较”可以放在形容词前，表示相对较高或较低的程度。比较对象应由上下文说明。
例句
- 在这个时段，乙处的浓度较高。During this period, the concentration at B is relatively high.
“依据”：说明判断的根据
“依据” to introduce the basis of a judgment
“依据”后接材料、规则等，再说明根据它们作出的判断或行动。
例句
- 依据这两个时段的数据，两处的平均数相同。Based on the data from these two periods, the averages at both sites are the same.
“……，可见……”：从事实推出判断
“……，可见……” for drawing an inference
前面说明事实，“可见”引出据此得到的判断。判断不能超过前面事实所支持的范围。
例句
- 两处上午和下午的读数次序相反，可见只比较上午是不够的。The ordering of the readings reverses between morning and afternoon, so comparing mornings alone is insufficient.
“时刻”：持续保持
“时刻” for remaining constantly in a state
“时刻”作副词时，表示一直、随时保持某种状态，常与“留意”“准备”等连用。不要把这里的“时刻”理解为某一个时间点。
例句
- 负责人员需要时刻留意运行情况。The responsible staff need to remain constantly alert to how the equipment is operating.
- “某个时刻”的“时刻”是名词，例如：“到达门口的那一时刻，机器人停止了移动。”In “某个时刻”, “时刻” is a noun: “At the moment it reached the door, the robot stopped moving.”
“由……组成”：整体与部分
“由……组成” for a whole and its parts
整体放在前面，“由”后列构成它的部分，最后用“组成”。
例句
- 这个教学单元由短讲、阅读和讨论三部分组成。This unit consists of a short talk, reading and discussion.
“一旦……，就……”：条件出现后的结果
“一旦……，就……” for a result triggered by a condition
“一旦”引出某个条件，后面用“就”说明该条件出现时的结果。“一旦”不只表示时间先后，还强调条件与结果的联系。
例句
- 一旦把正常的等待当作没人回应，就容易重复发送问题。Once normal waiting is mistaken for no response, repeated questions become more likely.
“形容词＋得＋主谓短语”：用完整情形说明程度
“Adjective + 得 + subject-predicate phrase” to show degree
“得”后可以接有主语和谓语的短语，用一个完整情形说明前面状态的程度或影响。
例句
- 房间安静得大家说话都不自觉放轻了。The room is so quiet that everyone unconsciously lowers their voice.
- 响声大得门外的人也听见了。The sound is so loud that people outside the door hear it too.
“不但不……，反而……”：与预期相反的进一步结果
“不但不……，反而……” for a result contrary to expectation
前半句否定本来可能预期的情况，后半句说明相反的实际结果。“不”可随句意用“没有”等否定形式；两部分要有明确的反向关系。
例句
- 讨论不但没有减少我们的疑问，反而让我们发现了更多值得研究的问题。The discussion did not reduce our questions; instead, it revealed more questions worth studying.
- 只重复一句结论，不但不能帮助理解，反而可能遮住证据。Simply repeating a conclusion does not help understanding and may instead hide the evidence.
“从而”：前项引出结果
“从而”: Introducing a resulting effect
“从而”连接前面的行为或情况与由此产生的结果，语气较正式。不能把前后没有联系的两件事直接用它连接。
例句
- 保护层减少水和氧气接触铁，从而减慢生锈。A protective layer reduces iron's contact with water and oxygen, thereby slowing rusting.
- 了解材料的性质，可以帮助人们选择合适的保护，从而减少损害。Understanding a material's properties helps people choose suitable protection and thereby reduce damage.
“果然”：符合先前预期
“果然”: Matching an earlier expectation
“果然”表示后来看到的事实符合先前的判断或预期。语境中应能看出预期是什么。
例句
- 根据潮汐情况，下午水位会升高。再来观察时，水位果然比早晨高了。Tidal conditions suggest that the water will rise in the afternoon. On returning, we find that it is indeed higher than in the morning.
“的确”：确认判断
“的确”: Confirming a judgement
“的确”表示说话人确认一种情况是真实的，不一定要求此前已经有预期。
例句
- 海岸的确可能发生长期变化，但一天的记录还不够。Coasts can indeed change over the long term, but one day's record is not enough.
“从……来看”：限定观察角度
“从……来看”: Specifying a perspective
“从”后面说判断的角度或依据，“来看”之后说在这个角度下得到的认识。换一个角度，关注的内容可能不同。
例句
- 从行政范围来看，全市区域可能比旅客熟悉的市中心大得多。From the perspective of administrative boundaries, the full municipal area may be much larger than the city centre familiar to visitors.
- 从交通介绍来看，这所学校还需要说明它距车站多远。From the perspective of travel information, the school's distance from the station still needs to be stated.
“据”：说明信息来源
“据”: Stating an information source
“据”后接资料、报道或说法，说明后面信息来自哪里。
例句
- 据人口普查公报，60岁及以上人口占18.70%。According to the census bulletin, people aged 60 or over account for 18.70%.
“较＋对象”：提出比较基准
“较 + comparison object”: Naming a comparison basis
较正式的文字可以用“较”引出比较对象，意义接近这里的“比”。
例句
- 较2010年，这个比例上升了5.44个百分点。Compared with 2010, this share has risen by 5.44 percentage points.
“没有……，就没有……”：说明必要前提 “没有……，就没有……” :
Stating a necessary condition
这个结构说前者是后者成立的必要条件。它不表示只要有前者，后者就一定成立。
例句
- 没有清楚的时间和对象，就没有可靠的比较。Without clear dates and subjects, there can be no reliable comparison.
“有着”：具有某种特点
“有着”: Having a characteristic
“有着”常用于较书面的介绍，表示具有某种特点、经历或关系。
例句
- 不同通信方式有着不同的节奏。Different ways of communicating have different rhythms.
- 这些旧信有着特别的意义。These old letters have a special significance.
“颗”：数小而圆的东西
“颗”: Counting small, roughly rounded objects
“颗”可以用于咖啡豆等小而较圆的物体。数量较大时，也可以根据需要用重量说明。
例句
- 不是每颗咖啡豆都走同一条路线。Not every coffee bean takes the same route.
“白＋动词”：没有得到希望的结果
“白 + verb”: An effort without its intended result
“白”放在动词前，可以表示做了某件事，却没有得到希望的结果。它不是颜色义，也不一定表示完全没有发生任何作用。
例句
- 我排了很久队，却没有领到券，真是白等了。I queued for a long time but did not get a voucher. I waited in vain.
- 多读了产地介绍，我才明白这些联系，时间没有白花。Reading about the origin helped me understand these connections, so the time was not wasted.
“届”：有次序的活动
“届”: Events in a sequence
“届”用于有先后次序的展会、会议等。“这一届”和“上一届”说明活动的不同次序，不是计算展位数量。
例句
- 这一届展会快结束了，上一届是在去年举行的。This edition of the exhibition is nearly over; the previous one was held last year.
“即将”：临近发生
“即将”: About to happen
“即将”表示事情快要发生，常用于较正式的介绍。它不表示事情已经完成。
例句
- 展会即将结束，参观者还在继续提问。The exhibition is about to end, but visitors are still asking questions.
“X来X去，都是／就是……”：反复之后仍然如此 “X来X去，都是/就是……” :
The same outcome after repetition
“X来X去”说明反复进行一个动作，后面的“都是”或“就是”强调结果或内容仍然相同。它不仅说明过程，还评价反复后的结果。
例句
- 我们谈来谈去，都是同一个问题：怎样把老手艺传下去？We keep coming back to the same question: how can we pass the old craft on?
- 他们看来看去，就是不明白传统制作和新服务怎样联系。They keep looking, but still do not understand how traditional making and new services connect.
“早晚”：迟早会发生
“早晚”: Sooner or later
“早晚”可以表示“迟早”，说话人认为某事以后会发生，不限定具体日期。本课不是“早晨和晚上”的意思。
例句
- 我们早晚都会遇到需要别人帮助的时候。Sooner or later, we all encounter times when we need help.
- 他觉得，自己的需要早晚会改变。He thinks his needs will change sooner or later.
“X也X不得，Y也Y不得”：两种选择都受限制
“X也X不得，Y也Y不得”: Both options are constrained
这个结构用重复的动作说出两种都受到限制的选择。限制可以来自实际条件，也可以来自说话人的感情，要由上下文说明。
例句
- 修也修不得，扔也扔不得。I cannot get it repaired, and I cannot throw it away either.
- 零件暂时配不到，所以今天修不了；又舍不得旧收音机，所以不愿意扔。这里不是说“修”和“扔”在任何时候都不允许。The needed part is unavailable, preventing repair today; attachment to the old radio makes discarding it unacceptable to the speaker. The sentence does not forbid repairing or discarding it in all circumstances.
“反正”：无论如何，决定如此
“反正”: Anyway
“反正”表示说话人已有一个决定，前面的一些理由或情况不改变这个决定。语气较口语化。
例句
- 反正这次只想临时用一次，先了解租用也合适。I only intend to use it once this time anyway, so it makes sense to explore renting first.
“总之”：归纳前面的内容
“总之”: Summarising what came before
“总之”用来归纳前面讨论的几个方面，不是突然加入一个没有依据的新结论。
例句
- 总之，选择要符合自己的使用需要。In summary, the choice should fit one’s own needs.
“朝”：引出动作方向
“朝”: Introducing a direction
“朝＋方向或地点”放在动作前，表示动作面向哪里，不表示已经到达那里。
例句
- 步行的人朝广场另一边走。Pedestrians walk towards the other side of the square.
- 列车到达以后，旅客朝出口走去。After the train arrives, passengers walk towards the exit.
“集”：连续作品的分集单位
“集”: Episodes of a continuing work
“集”可以用来数连续广播剧、电视剧等作品的分集。“第一集”说的是整个连续作品中的一部分，不等于一本书。
例句
- 第一集介绍了人物，第二集继续讲述他们的故事。The first episode introduces the characters, and the second continues their story.
- 我听完两集，才知道是谁留下了纸条。Only after listening to two episodes did I learn who had left the note.
“过去”：进入另一状态
“过去”: Entering a different state
“过去”在某些动词后可以表示转入另一种状态，不是动作方向。本课“睡了过去”表示由清醒转入睡眠。这样的用法要结合具体动词理解。
例句
- 他等着等着，睡了过去。He fell asleep while waiting.
5 级 · 第 3 册
“心理动词＋得＋不得了”：程度很深
“Psychological verb + 得 + 不得了”: A very strong feeling
“喜欢”“想念”等心理动词后，可以用“得不得了”强调感情或心理状态的程度很深。这里的“不得了”不是说动作不能完成。
例句
- 我喜欢这段描写，喜欢得不得了。I love this description very much indeed.
- 他离开家很久，想念亲人想念得不得了。He has been away from home a long time and misses his family terribly.
“束”：集中在一起的光或花
“束”: A beam of light or bunch of flowers
“束”可以作量词，用于集中成束的光、花等。本课“一束光”说明光落下时较集中的样子。
例句
- 一束光从楼房之间落下来。A beam of light falls between the buildings.
“像……似的”：描写相似的样子
“像……似的”: Describing resemblance
“似的”跟在比喻的内容后，表示相似的样子，常和“像”一起用。本课把湿亮的路面比作镜子，突出它映出灯光和衣服的样子。
例句
- 路面湿亮，像一面镜子似的。The wet street shines like a mirror.
- 街上的灯映在水里，像一排星星似的。The street lights reflected in the water look like a row of stars.
量词“架”：机器、乐器等
“架”: A measure word for certain machines and instruments
“架”可以用于钢琴等物品，搭配需要分别学习。
例句
- 画面里有一架钢琴。There is a piano on the screen.
“X也不是，Y也不是”：两难
“X也不是，Y也不是”: A dilemma
两个选择都让人觉得不合适或难以决定时，可以用这个格式。
例句
- 他一时走也不是，留也不是。For a moment, he found both leaving and staying difficult.
“仿佛”：相似的感觉
“仿佛”: A sense of resemblance
“仿佛”可以引出一种相似的感受或想象，不表示后面的情景真的发生了。
例句
- 读者仿佛站在窗前。Readers feel as though they are standing before the window.
- 远处的灯光仿佛一朵小花。The distant light looks like a little flower.
“下来”：从变化进入稳定状态
“下来”: Settling into a stable state
“下来”放在“平静、安静”等词后，可以表示逐渐进入并保持这种状态。
例句
- 讨论慢慢平静下来。The discussion gradually calmed down.
- 大家读到最后一句，安静下来。Everyone fell quiet on reading the final sentence.
“A＋形容词＋B＋数量”：差量比较
“A + adjective + B + amount”: Comparing a measurable difference
不加“比”的差量比较常见于高度、年龄等搭配，如“我高他半头”“他大我三岁”。比较对象较长时，用“比”通常更清楚，如“乙的成绩比甲的成绩高五厘米”。
例句
- 我高他半头。I am half a head taller than him.
- 他大我三岁。He is three years older than me.
“动词＋得＋主谓短语”：说明动作造成的状态
“Verb + 得 + subject-predicate phrase”: A state resulting from an action
“得”后面可以有自己的主语和谓语，说明前面动作的程度或结果。
例句
- 观众喊得嗓子都哑了。The spectators shouted themselves hoarse.
- 她跑得脸都红了。She ran so hard that her face turned red.
“得”后接固定短语
Established phrases after “得”
有些固定短语可以在“得”后说明状态，如“累得气喘吁吁”“高兴得手舞足蹈”。搭配要自然，不能把所有固定短语任意接在“得”后。
例句
- 他累得气喘吁吁。He was so tired that he was out of breath.
- 她高兴得手舞足蹈。She was so happy that she danced and waved her arms with joy.
“哪怕……，也……”：条件变化不改变后项 “哪怕……，也……”：A
condition that does not change the outcome
“哪怕”引出一种较极端或最低限度的假设，后面用“也”说明仍然成立的结果或态度。
例句
- 哪怕只认真看一件展品，也可以开始了解一段人的生活。Even careful attention to just one exhibit can begin an exploration of human life.
- 哪怕只能停留十分钟，我也想看看这件物品。Even if I can stay for only ten minutes, I still want to see this object.
“立刻”：紧接着行动
“立刻”: Acting immediately
“立刻”放在动词前，表示紧接着某个时间点或事情行动。
例句
- 他听到讲座开始的消息，立刻走进会场。On hearing that the lecture was starting, he immediately entered the venue.
“说A就A”：行动很快发生
“说A就A”: An action following very quickly
“说走就走”等表达强调说要做的动作很快就发生，常带有干脆或突然的感觉。
例句
- 她说走就走，拿起笔记本便出门了。She set off as soon as she said she would, picking up her notebook and going out.
“不……不……”：紧缩的条件关系 “不……不……”：A
compact condition
“不试不知道”表示如果不试，就不知道。前后两个“不”把条件和结果联系起来。这种简洁格式要结合自然的固定用法学习，不是两个否定自动构成同一种关系。
例句
- 不试不知道，真正一起做过，才看清需要什么配合。You do not know until you try; working together reveals what coordination is needed.
- 不问不清楚，问过以后才知道他为什么这样想。You cannot be clear without asking; only after asking do you know why he thinks that way.
“把＋宾语1＋动词＋宾语2”：赋予一种身份或称呼
“把 + object 1 + verb + object 2”: Giving an identity or name
“把”引出被认识、称呼或使用的对象，后面再说明把它当作什么。第二个宾语表示身份、用途等，不是转移给另一个人的接受者。
例句
- 他把一块平石头当凳子。He used a flat stone as a seat.
- 大家把这座旧屋叫作小书房。Everyone calls this old house the little study.
“不X白不X”：觉得机会不利用便可惜
“不X白不X”: Seeing an opportunity as worth taking
“不看白不看”等表达说明说话者觉得已有机会，不利用就可惜。这是口语中的态度，不表示对方必须照做。
例句
- 这是免费开放的展览，不看白不看。The exhibition is free, so why not see it?
- 这份资料本来就是给参加者看的，不看白不看。These materials are provided for participants, so we might as well read them.
“白”：没有得到预期结果
“白”: Without achieving the intended result
“白”放在动词前，可以表示付出了时间或力气，却没有得到预期结果。
例句
- 想吃的点心已经卖完，我白跑了一趟。The snack I wanted had sold out, so my trip was wasted.
- 地址没有核对清楚，我们白走了一段路。We had not checked the address properly, so part of our walk was wasted.
时常：多次发生
Often
“时常”放在动词短语前，表示某事经常发生，不表示每次都发生。
例句
- 她时常来这里参加读书活动。She often comes here for reading activities.
- 我们时常在散步时聊起小时候的事。We often talk about our childhood while walking.
反正：说明不受其他情况影响的判断
In any case
“反正”引出说话者认为不会因其他情况而改变的理由或决定。
例句
- 反正下午没有别的安排，我们可以慢慢读完这个故事。We have no other plans this afternoon anyway, so we can take our time finishing the story.
- 我不一定同意他的看法，反正先听他把话说完。I may not agree with him; in any case, I will hear him out first.
早已：在参照时间以前就已经
Long before a reference time
“早已”表示事情在所说的时间以前就已经发生或存在，强调时间早。
例句
- 在宋代以前，观测日影计时的方法早已存在。Methods of observing shadows to tell time had already existed before the Song dynasty.
- 我打开这本书时，朋友早已读完了。By the time I opened this book, my friend had finished reading it long before.
周：时间单位
Weeks
“周”可以跟在数词后表示以星期为单位的一段时间。
例句
- 她连续三周记录了每天起床的时间。She recorded her waking time for three consecutive weeks.
形容词＋得＋动词短语
Adjective + 得 + verb phrase
形容词后用“得”引出动词短语，说明这种状态达到什么程度或产生什么结果。
例句
- 这个旧门洞低得只能弯着腰通过。This old doorway is so low that you have to bend at the waist to pass through.
- 院子静得能听见窗外的鸟叫。The courtyard is so quiet that you can hear birds outside the window.
“格外”：超出平常的程度
“格外” for a degree beyond the usual
“格外”放在形容词前，表示比平常或预期更突出。
例句
- 转过弯以后，眼前的水面显得格外开阔。After the bend, the water ahead seems especially open.
“简直”：强调主观感受
“简直” for an emphatic impression
“简直”强调说话人的判断，常与比喻或强烈评价连用，不等于精确测量。
例句
- 只转了一个弯，简直像换了一个地方。After just one bend, it almost feels like a different place.
“不管怎样说”：让步后的基本立场
“不管怎样说” for a position that holds nevertheless
“不管怎样说”承认前面可以有不同讨论，再提出说话人仍然坚持的基本判断。
例句
- 不管怎样说，讨论不能靠骂人来结束。In any case, insults are no way to end a discussion.
“行”：成行文字的计量
“行” for a line of writing
“行”读háng时可以表示横向或纵向排成的一列文字；计量时说“一行字”“两行诗”。这里不读xíng。
例句
- 这一行字有大有小，却能彼此呼应。The characters in this line vary in size yet relate to one another.
“X是它，Y也是它”：同一对象的两种表现
“X是它，Y也是它” for two aspects of one object
“它”必须有明确的指代对象。两部分说明不同表现，但都指向前面同一个对象。
例句
- 这里说的是二胡：演奏柔和旋律的是它，奏出有力段落的也是它。The referent here is the erhu: it plays gentle melodies, and it also plays forceful passages.
“批”：成组的人或物
“批” for a group or batch
“批”用于成组的人或物，强调按一组来处理，不强调组内的具体数量。
例句
- 这一批器物样式相近，颜色却不完全一样。The objects in this batch have similar designs but not identical colours.
“极其”：书面语中的高程度
“极其” for a high degree in formal language
“极其”常用于书面说明，放在形容词前强调程度很高。
例句
- 她观察得极其仔细。She observes extremely carefully.
“匹”：马的计量
“匹” as a measure word for horses
说马的数量时，用“一匹马”“两匹马”，“匹”是马常用的量词。
例句
- 这件唐代骑马俑表现了一个人和一匹马。This Tang riding figure depicts one person and one horse.
“没A没B”：固定搭配中的否定
“没A没B” in established expressions
“没A没B”常见于固定组合，不能把任意两个词放进去。“没日没夜”表示不分白天黑夜地持续做事，常带辛苦或休息不足的意味。
例句
- 他没日没夜地整理资料，已经很累了。He has been sorting materials day and night and is already very tired.
“动词＋有＋宾语”：附着或留下的对象
“Verb + 有 + object” for an attached or remaining object
一些书面描写用“有”放在动词后，说明某处附着、刻写或留下了什么。“有”后面要有明确对象，不能把任意动词都这样组合。
例句
- 这块石头上刻有文字。Words are carved on this stone.
- 旧墙上留有修补的痕迹。The old wall retains traces of repairs.
“当中”表示范围
“当中” for a range
“当中”放在范围词语后，可以表示在这一范围内，不一定表示空间的正中央。
例句
- 三项工程当中，每一项都有自己的作用。Each of the three works has its own role.
“据说”与来源
“据说” and the source of an account
“据说”表示转述别人的说法，不自动证明内容是真的。阅读时还要看是谁说的、有什么材料。
例句
- 据说，旧书里还有类似的记载，读者需要找到原文再判断。There are reportedly similar accounts in an old book; readers need to locate the original text before judging.
“绝对”与否定：留意语序
“绝对” with negation: Pay attention to word order
“绝对”放在“不”“不能”等否定词前，强调完全否定，如“绝对不能”。“不能绝对认定”则是否定判断的绝对性，表示不能把某种判断当作毫无例外的事实。两种语序的意思不同。
例句
- 我们绝对不能把古书记载直接当作给自己用药的依据。We must never use an ancient text directly as a basis for choosing medicines for ourselves.
- 不能绝对认定古书里的同一个名称处处意思一样。We cannot assume that the same name necessarily has the same meaning everywhere in an old text.
复习：“先……后来……最后……”的过程顺序
Review: stages in a process
这些时间词可以连接不同阶段，依次说明过程怎样展开。
例句
- 先有幼苗，后来移到田里生长，最后才收获。First seedlings appear, later they are transplanted into the field to grow, and finally they are harvested.
“其”与“其余”：书面指代
“其” and “其余” in written reference
“其”可以指前面提到的人或事物，相当于“它的”“他们的”等；“其余”表示同一范围内剩下的部分。两者都要有清楚的范围或指代对象。
例句
- 汉字部件与拼音各有作用，不能忽视其差别。Character components and pinyin each have a role; their differences should not be ignored.
- 看见一个部件以后，还要观察其余部分。After noticing one component, examine the remaining parts too.
“再……也……”：程度不改变后面的判断
“再……也……” for a judgment unaffected by degree
“再”放在形容词前，表示即使程度很高，后面的判断也成立；这里不是“又一次”的意思。
例句
- 本领再高，也不妨听听别人的解释。However skilled someone is, they can still listen to another explanation.
“有着”：地点主题下的存在
“有着” for existence within a location
地点作话题时，“有着”可以引出在那里持续存在的事物，常见于描写或说明，不强调占有者。
例句
- 这个古村有着相互连接的水道与街巷。This old village has interconnected channels and lanes.
“支”：队伍的计量
“支” as a measure word for a team
“支”可以计量有组织的队伍，如“一支研究团队”“两支队伍”。它与第87课“一支毛笔”的对象不同，读音相同。
例句
- 八个国家的研究者组成了一支团队。Researchers from eight countries formed a team.
常见问题
HSK 5 级要掌握哪些语法？
这里列出的是 HuWolMont 5 级教材实际讲到的语法点，按课排列，可以对照复习。
光看讲解够吗？
不够。每个语法点在 App 里都有练习和即时反馈，学完一课还有学习自查。
内容来自 HuWolMont HSK 3.0 教材（按 2025 版考试大纲编写）。