Recursos de estudo · HSK 3.0
Gramática HSK 5
Os 138 pontos de gramática do livro HuWolMont do nível 5, livro por livro (100 lições).
Por enquanto, os significados e as explicações estão em inglês.
Nível 5 · Livro 1
“本”：书面语中的近指限定
“本”: A formal way to refer to the present item
Before a noun, “本” can refer to the course, event, institution or material currently being discussed. It is a relatively formal equivalent of “this”. This use differs from the measure word in “一本书”.
Exemplos
- 本课程从这样的问题开始。This course begins with questions like these.
- 本单元的资料可以在课前阅读。The materials for this unit can be read before class.
“册”：计算装订成册的书刊
“册”: Counting bound volumes
“册” is a measure word for bound books and similar publications. It comes between a number and a noun. “第一册”, “第二册” and similar expressions can identify individual volumes in a set.
Exemplos
- 这套资料共两册。This set of materials has two volumes.
- 我借了一册介绍城市历史的书。I borrowed a volume about the history of the city.
“如此”：回指前面说过的情况
“如此”: Referring back to a situation
“如此” means “like this” or “in this way” and can refer back to a situation or approach already described. It is relatively formal. Its meaning should be clear from the preceding context.
Exemplos
- 掌握方法需要练习，学会运用方法也是如此。Mastering a method takes practice; learning to apply it does too.
- 第一个小组先交谈，再讨论；第二个小组也是如此。The first group talks before discussing what happened; the second group does the same.
“……，便……”：前后动作的承接
“便”: Linking successive actions
Before the verb in a second clause, “便” can show that its action follows the event in the first clause. This use is common in written narration.
Exemplos
- 听完说明，学生便试着把想问的事写下来。After hearing the explanation, the students began writing down what they wanted to ask.
- 她看完这段话，便说起自己小时候的经历。After reading the passage, she began talking about her childhood.
时间、处所与方式：把动作说清楚
Time, place and manner: Giving a clear account of an action
A sentence can describe when and where an action happens and how it is carried out. One common order is “subject + time + place + manner + verb”. The time expression can also precede the subject. Arrange the information clearly; not every sentence needs all these elements.
Exemplos
- 我第二天下午在教室里仔细地整理了店主的话。The following afternoon, I carefully organised the owner's words in the classroom.
- 第二天下午，我在教室里仔细地整理了店主的话。The following afternoon, I carefully organised the owner's words in the classroom.
- 时间、处所等成分的排列还会受到上下文和表达重点的影响，上面的顺序不是所有句子的唯一形式。The order of time, place and other elements can also depend on context and emphasis. The order shown above is not the only possible pattern.
“过于”：超过合适的程度
“过于”: Beyond a suitable degree
“过于” precedes an adjective or an expression of state and indicates a degree beyond what the speaker considers suitable. It usually carries an evaluation. “很” simply indicates a high degree and does not necessarily carry that evaluation.
Exemplos
- 对这段文字来说，过于匆忙，可能会少一些体会。With this passage, rushing too much may mean missing some of the experience.
- 问题过于复杂，对方可能需要更多时间考虑。If a question is too complicated, the other person may need more time to consider it.
“A来A去”：动作反复进行
“A来A去”: A repeated action
With a suitable one-syllable verb, “A来A去” can describe movement back and forth or a repeated action, as in “走来走去” and “想来想去”. The pattern itself does not state whether the action leads to a result.
Exemplos
- 我想来想去，注意到了那个“却”字。As I thought it over, I noticed the word “却”.
- 他在书架前走来走去，最后选了一本短篇故事集。He walked back and forth in front of the bookshelves and finally chose a collection of short stories.
“老是”：带有态度的反复
“老是”: Repetition with an attitude
“老是” comes before a verb or verb phrase to describe something that happens repeatedly, often with irritation, complaint or resignation. It does not necessarily mean every single time.
Exemplos
- 我们老是急着把每一分钟填满。We are always rushing to fill every minute.
- 你老是打断他，他怎么把故事讲完呢？You keep interrupting him. How can he finish his story?
“……，为的是……”：说明目的 “……，为的是……” :
Stating a purpose
The first part states an action; the part after “为的是” states its intended purpose. A purpose is not necessarily a result that has already occurred.
Exemplos
- 我们保留他的说话方式，为的是让听众认识真实的他。We keep the way he speaks so that listeners can get to know him as he really is.
- 她把音乐调低，为的是让大家听清师傅的回答。She lowers the music so that everyone can hear the cook's answer clearly.
“朵”：花的量词
“朵”: A measure word for flowers
“朵” can be used to count flowers. “Number + 朵 + 花” states how many there are; “几朵” indicates a small, unspecified number.
Exemplos
- 窗边开着几朵小花。A few small flowers are blooming by the window.
- 她把一朵花放在桌上的杯子里。She puts a flower in the cup on the table.
“以及”：连接并列信息
“以及”: Linking parallel information
“以及” links words or phrases of equal status, often in more formal descriptions. In a list, it commonly comes before the final item.
Exemplos
- 图书馆、实验室以及学习支持中心，都让学习有了不同的可能。The library, laboratories and learning support centre all make different kinds of learning possible.
- 介绍中说明了设施的用途以及开放时间。The introduction explains the purposes of the facilities as well as their opening hours.
“起来”：状态开始发生
“起来”: The beginning of a state
After an adjective or verb, “起来” can indicate that a state or activity begins. In this use, it does not describe upward movement.
Exemplos
- 听说可以一起找答案，她立刻高兴起来。She brightens at once when she hears that we can look for an answer together.
- 看着墙上长长的兔子影子，她笑了起来。She starts laughing at the rabbit's long shadow on the wall.
“看一眼”：短暂地看
“看一眼”: Taking a brief look
After “看”, “眼” can count a look. “看一眼” often means taking a brief look; “只看一眼” stresses how limited the observation is.
Exemplos
- 我看了一眼，觉得它们不过是颜色不同。I took one glance and thought they were merely different colours.
- 请你再看一眼两块木片的表面。Please take another look at the surfaces of the two pieces of wood.
“毕竟”：提出需要考虑的事实
“毕竟”: Introducing a fact that should be considered
“毕竟” introduces a relevant fact that helps explain a judgement, suggestion or attitude.
Exemplos
- 别着急，你毕竟才来了几天。Take your time. After all, you have only been here a few days.
- 不能只看颜色就判断材料，颜色毕竟只是它的一种特点。You cannot judge a material by colour alone; after all, colour is only one of its features.
“连忙”：遇到事情马上行动
“连忙”: Responding promptly
“连忙” comes before an action and stresses an immediate response to an event. It is often used to narrate something that has happened.
Exemplos
- 工作人员问相机是不是新的，我连忙解释了使用情况。When the officer asked whether the camera was new, I quickly explained how I had used it.
- 听见有人叫我，我连忙转过身来。Hearing someone call me, I promptly turned around.
“凭”：说明依据
“凭”: Stating a basis
“凭” can introduce a document, experience or another basis on which a judgement or action relies.
Exemplos
- 我不能只凭以前旅行的经验判断。I cannot judge solely on the basis of my previous travel experience.
- 可以凭哪一种证件确认本人身份？Which document can be used to verify my identity?
“被＋施事＋给＋动词”：口语中的被动句
“被 + agent + 给 + verb”: A conversational passive
In some conversational passives, “给” appears after the agent introduced by “被” and before the verb, adding emphasis to what happened. It does not mean giving something to someone here. Omitting it usually leaves the basic meaning unchanged.
Exemplos
- 厨房桌子被那箱书给占了。The box of books took over the kitchen table.
- 厨房桌子被那箱书占了。The kitchen table was taken over by the box of books.
- 这本书被他给拿走了。He has gone and taken this book away.
“急忙”：匆忙采取行动
“急忙”: Acting in a hurry
“急忙” comes before a verb and describes hurried action when someone is anxious or pressed for time. It does not guarantee quick completion.
Exemplos
- 发现证件夹不见了，我急忙到附近寻找。When I realised the wallet was missing, I hurried to search nearby.
“尽快”：尽可能早地行动
“尽快”: Acting as soon as possible
“尽快” means reducing the wait before acting or completing something as much as possible. It is common in requests and arrangements. “请尽快联系我” asks for early contact, not hurried or careless contact.
Exemplos
- 如果有消息，请尽快联系我。If there is any news, please contact me as soon as possible.
- 他急忙写下电话号码，请工作人员尽快转告朋友。He hurriedly wrote down his number and asked the staff member to pass it on to his friend as soon as possible.
否定与情态：范围不同，意思不同
Negation and modality: A change in scope changes meaning
When negation combines with words expressing possibility, necessity or certainty, its position can affect the meaning. For example, “不一定能” leaves the possibility uncertain, whereas “一定不能” states that it is definitely not possible.
Exemplos
- 我不一定能亲自去。I may not be able to go in person.
- 我一定不能亲自去。I definitely cannot go in person.
- “不必亲自提交”只是否定“亲自提交”的必要性，并不等于“不能亲自提交”。“不一定都需要”也不等于“都不需要”。“不必亲自提交” means that submitting in person is not required; it does not mean it is prohibited. “不一定都需要” does not mean “都不需要”.
“你说什么就是什么”：接受对方的安排
“你说什么就是什么”: Accepting another person's decision
This expression can show willingness to accept another person's opinion or decision. Said warmly, it may express trust; said with irritation, it may signal a wish to end an argument.
Exemplos
- 你常来，今天听你的，你说什么就是什么。You come here often, so I'll leave it to you today. Whatever you say goes.
- “我们先吃面，再去看展览，好吗？”“好，你说什么就是什么。”“Shall we have noodles first and then visit the exhibition?” “Sure. Whatever you say goes.”
“沿（着）”：沿一条路线移动
“沿（着）”: Moving along a route
“沿” or “沿着” comes before a road, river or similar route to show that movement follows it. It is often followed by verbs such as “走” or “往前走”.
Exemplos
- 我跟朋友沿着街道往前走。I walked along the street with my friend.
- 离开面馆后，我们沿街走进一家小店。After leaving the noodle restaurant, we walked along the street into a small shop.
“动词＋得＋动词短语”：动作造成的反应
“Verb + 得 + verb phrase”: A response caused by an action
“得” can introduce a response caused by an action, and its complement may be a verb phrase. A verb phrase such as “让人…” can further specify who experiences the response.
Exemplos
- 他讲得让人想再听一会儿。He spoke so engagingly that people wanted to listen a little longer.
- 他笑得说不出话来。He laughed so hard that he could not speak.
“要不然”：提醒另一种后果
“要不然”: Warning of an alternative consequence
A proposed action can be followed by “要不然” to describe a possible consequence of not taking it, often as a reminder or suggestion. “不然” can also be used on its own in this sense.
Exemplos
- 货物到站以后要尽快搬进合适的地方，要不然在外面放得太久，品质可能下降。Move the goods promptly to a suitable place after arrival; otherwise, their quality may decline if they are left outside too long.
“因而”：说明原因产生的结果
“因而”: Introducing a result
“因而” connects a cause with its result and is common in explanations and relatively formal writing. Its meaning is close to “所以”, but its style is more formal.
Exemplos
- 不同水果适合的温度不同，因而不能全部放在同一个地方。Different fruits require different temperatures, so they cannot all be kept in the same place.
“万一……，（就）……”：为可能的意外作准备 “万一……，（就）……”：Preparing
for an unlikely event
“万一” introduces a relatively unlikely situation that deserves consideration. It may be followed by a response plan or a question about what to do. It does not predict that the event will definitely occur.
Exemplos
- 万一途中身体不舒服，可以向谁求助？If I happen to feel unwell during the journey, who can I ask for help?
- 万一找不到座位号，就请乘务员帮忙。If you happen to be unable to find your seat number, ask a crew member for help.
量词“副”：成双或成套的物品
“副”: A measure word for paired or matching objects
“副” counts certain paired or matching objects, such as glasses and gloves. Its combinations need to be learned individually; it does not count every group of two objects.
Exemplos
- 他摘下了一副眼镜。He took off his glasses.
“相当”：表示较高的程度
“相当”: Expressing a fairly high degree
The adverb “相当” precedes an adjective or similar expression to indicate a fairly high degree. In this use, it does not express equality between two things.
Exemplos
- 这台相机操作相当方便。This camera is quite convenient to operate.
- 了解以后的维修费用相当重要。It is quite important to understand future repair costs.
“反而”与“不但没有……，反而……”
“反而” and “不但没有……，反而……”
“反而” marks an actual or anticipated result that runs counter to an earlier expectation. “不但没有……，反而……” first denies the expected result and then presents a result in the opposite direction, with greater emphasis.
Exemplos
- 为了拿到优惠多买东西，我反而多花九十元。Buying more things to obtain the discount would instead cost me 90 yuan more.
- 那次我不但没有省下钱，反而因为吃不完，扔掉了一部分点心。That time, not only did I fail to save money; I ended up throwing some snacks away because I could not finish them.
“过来”：恢复到正常状态
“过来”: Returning to a normal state
After certain verbs, “过来” can express recovery from an abnormal, tense or exhausted state. It need not describe movement through space; the meaning depends on the preceding verb and the context.
Exemplos
- 这几天，人也慢慢缓过来了。Over these days, I gradually began to feel more like myself again.
- 忙了一整天，我休息了一会儿才缓过来。After being busy all day, I needed a short rest before I felt recovered.
“下来”：状态趋于平稳
“下来” for a state becoming settled
After certain verbs or adjectives, “下来” can describe a state becoming calmer or more settled, rather than movement downwards.
Exemplos
- 我想安静下来，再把最近的感受写清楚。I want to settle down before clearly writing out how I have been feeling.
- 他说话的声音慢慢低下来。His voice gradually becomes quieter.
“似乎”：保留判断的确定程度
“似乎” for a tentative judgment
“似乎” introduces an uncertain judgment based on an impression or observation, often before a verb or adjective.
Exemplos
- 读完标题，他似乎已经有了答案。After reading the title, he seems to have an answer already.
“根本”与否定
“根本” with negation
“根本” often accompanies negatives such as “不”, “没有” and “不能”, making the denial emphatic or fundamental.
Exemplos
- 这篇文章根本没有说明研究对象是谁。This article does not explain at all who was studied.
复习：“把”字句中的结果
Review: results in “把” sentences
A “把” sentence can describe what is done to a known object. The verb usually needs a following result, location or other complement.
Exemplos
- 我们把照片放在桌上，一起欣赏。We put the photographs on the table and enjoy looking at them together.
- 我把三张窗户照片按时间排在一起。I arrange the three photographs of the window in time order.
“V着V着”：持续中的变化
“V着V着” for change during an action
Repeating a verb with “着” after each occurrence presents an ongoing action, followed by a change or discovery during it.
Exemplos
- 我站着站着，发现天边亮了。As I stand there, I notice the horizon becoming light.
“不得了”：强烈程度
“不得了” for a strong degree
“Adjective + 得 + 不得了” emphasises a high degree, commonly in speech.
Exemplos
- 清晨那段安静的时光好得不得了。Those quiet early hours were absolutely wonderful.
“形容词＋得＋不得了”：强调状态
“Adjective + 得 + 不得了” to emphasise a state
“得” links an adjective to “不得了” to express a very high degree of a state, often reflecting the speaker’s feelings. The linking “得” cannot be omitted.
Exemplos
- 夏天的下午，窗边热得不得了。On summer afternoons, it is terribly hot by the window.
- 夏天傍晚坐在阳台上，我舒服得不得了。Sitting on the balcony on a summer evening, I feel wonderfully comfortable.
“X什么X”：带否定态度的反问
“X什么X” as a disapproving rhetorical question
Repeating a verb with “什么” between the two occurrences can express disapproval or tell someone to stop. It is not a genuine request for information. Its strong tone may sound impolite when addressed directly to someone.
Exemplos
- “唱什么唱！”在这个场景中相当于“别唱了！”In this scene, “唱什么唱!” amounts to “Stop singing!”
- 更平和的表达是：“现在有人休息，能不能轻一点？”A calmer way to say it is: “Some people are resting now. Could you be a little quieter?”
“居然”：结果出乎预期
“居然” for an unexpected result
“居然” precedes the predicate and highlights a result beyond the speaker’s expectations. The context should make the original expectation understandable.
Exemplos
- 我们平时只点头打招呼，他居然知道我的家乡。We usually only nod to each other, yet he unexpectedly knows my hometown.
“A的A，B的B”：分别进行的动作
“A的A，B的B” for different people doing different things
This pattern presents different people carrying out different actions. The verb is repeated within each part, and “的” cannot be replaced with “地” or “得”.
Exemplos
- 大家搬椅子的搬椅子，摆餐具的摆餐具。Some carry chairs while others lay out tableware.
“叫／让＋宾语＋给＋动词”：口语中的被动
Conversational passive with “叫/让 + agent + 给 + verb”
In this pattern, the subject is affected by the action, and the noun after “叫” or “让” identifies its cause or agent. “给” adds a conversational emphasis rather than meaning “to give”. Here “让” does not mean asking someone to do something.
Exemplos
- 一张纸让桌上的水给弄湿了。A sheet of paper was made wet by the water on the table.
- 衣服叫突然下的雨给淋湿了。The clothes were soaked by the sudden rain.
“把＋宾语＋一＋动词”：动作接着结果
“把 + object + 一 + verb”: An action followed by its result
In narration, “把 + object + 一 + verb” can present an action compactly, often followed by what happens as a result. “一” does not count objects here.
Exemplos
- 外婆把纸盒一开，大家就围了过来。Grandma opened the box, and everyone gathered around.
- 我把照片一翻，才看见背后写着当年的日期。I turned the photograph over and only then saw the date written on the back.
“替”：代为做事
“替”: Doing something for someone
“替 + person” comes before a verb to indicate doing something in that person's place or on their behalf.
Exemplos
- 有人替我提前安排好了，我才觉得生活很顺。Life felt easy because someone had planned things in advance for me.
- 今天我替你去买日用品。I will buy the household supplies for you today.
“用不着”：没有必要
“用不着”: No need
“用不着 + verb phrase” means an action is unnecessary, not that someone lacks the ability to do it.
Exemplos
- 用不着每件事都等对方分配。There is no need to wait for the other person to assign every task.
- 东西已经买好了，你用不着再跑一趟。The things have already been bought; you do not need to make another trip.
“什么X不X（的）”：不必这样顾虑
“什么X不X（的）”: Dismissing a concern
“什么” followed by “X不X” can dismiss a concern or judgement raised by another person; it is not a question. The expression is conversational and may sound reassuring or impatient, depending on the relationship and setting.
Exemplos
- “我怕给你添麻烦。”——“什么麻烦不麻烦的，你先说说遇到了什么事。”“I am afraid of troubling you.” — “Don't worry about that. Tell me what has happened first.”
- “你忙，我改天再问。”——“什么忙不忙的，我现在有时间，你说吧。”“You are busy. I will ask another day.” — “Don't worry about that. I have time now. Go ahead.”
“即将＋动词”：事情快要发生
“即将 + verb”: Something is about to happen
“即将” comes before a verb or verb phrase to indicate that something will happen soon. It is common in notices and more formal introductions, and describes an event that has not yet happened.
Exemplos
- 展览下周即将开幕。The exhibition opens next week.
- 我们即将进入最后的准备阶段。We are about to enter the final preparation stage.
“X着也是X着”：既然这样，不如做点事
“X着也是X着”: Making use of an existing situation
This conversational pattern states an ongoing situation and often introduces a suggestion for making use of the time.
Exemplos
- 闲着也是闲着，先来看看这些资料吧。Since you have time on your hands, come and look at these materials.
- 等着也是等着，我们先把明天的问题想一想。Since we are waiting anyway, let us think about tomorrow's questions.
“真有你的”：对表现作评价
“真有你的”: Reacting to someone's performance
“真有你的” is a conversational reaction. It often expresses admiration for a clear achievement, but can also be sarcastic in a critical context. Here the colleague says it after reading well-organised information, so it expresses approval.
Exemplos
- 第一次整理就想到了后面的人怎么查，真有你的！You thought about how the next person would look things up on your first attempt. Nice work!
- 他把散乱的材料整理得很清楚。真有他的！He has organised the scattered materials very clearly. Good for him!
Nível 5 · Livro 2
“亲自”：由本人做
“亲自”: Doing something oneself
“亲自” comes before a verb and stresses that the person does it rather than delegating it. It does not mean “alone”: someone may still help.
Exemplos
- 离职前，我亲自把正在修的几件东西交给同事。Before leaving, I personally handed the objects I was repairing over to colleagues.
“或是……，或是……”：列出不同选择 “或是……，或是……” :
Presenting alternatives
This pattern states alternatives or possible situations. It is not an alternative question requiring the listener to choose an answer.
Exemplos
- 或是修家里的小东西，或是做一个木盒，都可以慢慢来。Whether repairing something small at home or making a wooden box, I can take my time.
- 休息时，我或是散步，或是读书。When resting, I either take a walk or read.
“始终”：贯穿整个过程
“始终”: Throughout a process
“始终” means that something remains the case from beginning to end. It often describes a consistent attitude or continuing situation, rather than merely frequent occurrence.
Exemplos
- 我们始终围绕观众需要讨论。Throughout the discussion, we focus on visitors' needs.
“同＋人＋动词”：引出交往对象
“同 + person + verb”: Introducing someone involved in an interaction
“同” can introduce the person involved in an action such as discussing or talking. Its meaning here is close to “跟”.
Exemplos
- 我同讲解员先谈过。I have spoken with the guide first.
- 编辑同设计者讨论文字的位置。The editor discusses the position of the text with the designer.
“假如……，（就）……”：设想条件 “假如……，（就）……” :
Imagining a condition
“假如” introduces an imagined condition, followed by the result under that condition. “就” can sometimes be omitted. The sentence does not state that the condition has already occurred.
Exemplos
- 假如开头已经有很长的故事，观众就不容易找到展览的主题。If the beginning already contains a long story, visitors may struggle to find the exhibition's theme.
- 假如只留一句话，你会选择哪一句？If you could keep only one sentence, which would you choose?
“尽量”：在条件允许的范围内努力
“尽量”: Doing as much as circumstances allow
“尽量” comes before a verb and means doing as much as circumstances allow, without guaranteeing full achievement.
Exemplos
- 我们会尽量留出提问时间。We will leave as much time for questions as we can.
- 请尽量把遇到的问题说具体。Please describe the problem as specifically as you can.
“刚好”：条件恰好合适
“刚好”: A situation that fits exactly
“刚好” can indicate that a time, quantity or situation fits exactly. Here an event is being prepared, providing new staff with an opportunity to observe work.
Exemplos
- 刚好有一场小型活动在准备，你们可以看看。A small event happens to be in preparation, so you can observe it.
- 这一组刚好四个人，可以一起讨论。There are exactly four people in this group, so they can discuss together.
“彼此”：相互关系
“彼此”: A reciprocal relationship
“彼此” refers to both sides or several people in a relationship and emphasises reciprocity. It can be an object or come before a verb.
Exemplos
- 我们知道彼此在忙什么。We knew what each other was doing.
- 大家彼此帮助。Everyone helps one another.
“自从”：起点与后续变化
“自从”: A starting point and subsequent change
“自从” introduces a past time or event, followed by a situation continuing since then or a subsequent change.
Exemplos
- 自从店铺扩大以后，我当老板的感觉变了。Since the shop expanded, being the owner has felt different.
名词后缀“头”
The noun suffix “头”
In words such as “木头” and “石头”, “头” is a noun suffix, normally pronounced with a neutral tone. Learn these as complete words: the suffix does not mean a person's head and cannot be freely attached to every noun.
Exemplos
- 周启拿来两块木头。Zhou Qi brought two pieces of wood.
- 路边有一块石头。There is a stone beside the road.
“A的A，B的B”：分别进行不同的活动
“A的A，B的B”: Different people carrying out different activities
“清点的清点，搬货的搬货” presents different people and activities together, showing each group carrying out its own task. “的” links an action to the people doing it.
Exemplos
- 货物到了，清点的清点，搬货的搬货。The goods arrived: some counted them, while others moved them.
- 活动结束后，收拾的收拾，聊天的聊天。After the event, some tidied up while others chatted.
“用不着”：没有必要
“用不着”: Not needing to do something
“用不着” precedes an action to express lack of necessity, rather than lack of ability.
Exemplos
- 我们用不着提着水桶到河边取水。We do not need to carry a bucket to the river to fetch water.
- 这份说明已经列出了水源名称，你用不着再抄一遍。The source names are already listed in this explanation; you do not need to copy them out again.
“相当”：说明程度较高
“相当”: Describing a fairly high degree
“相当” comes before an adjective or similar expression to indicate a fairly high degree. It is often used when comparing differences or describing features.
Exemplos
- 想象中的画面与真实地表之间，差别有时相当大。The difference between the imagined picture and the actual ground can sometimes be considerable.
- 这段关于石块来源的说明相当具体。This explanation of where the stones came from is quite specific.
“下去”：情况继续
“下去”: A situation continuing
After certain verbs or adjectives, “下去” can express continuation of an action or state rather than movement downwards.
Exemplos
- 天气还会一直冷下去吗？Will it stay cold like this?
- 我们会把这项观察继续下去。We will continue this observation.
量词“根”：细长物体
“根”: A measure word for long, slender objects
The measure word “根” counts certain long, slender objects, such as bamboo stems and ropes. This differs from the noun “根”, meaning a plant's root.
Exemplos
- 走近一根竹子，才能看清它的节。Only by approaching a bamboo stem can you see its nodes clearly.
“不然”：另一种后果
“不然”: An alternative consequence
“不然” can introduce a possible consequence of not following the preceding course of action. This use is similar to “要不然”.
Exemplos
- 先量好竹材的长度，不然做出的物件可能不合用。Measure the bamboo first; otherwise, the finished object may not be suitable for its intended use.
量词“群”：成群的人或动物
“群”: A measure word for groups of people or animals
“群” counts people or animals gathered together, usually presenting them as a group rather than stating an exact number.
Exemplos
- 一群大象陆续经过树林。A group of elephants passed through the woodland one after another.
- 远处有一群鸟。There is a group of birds in the distance.
“渐渐”：随时间发生变化
“渐渐” for change over time
“渐渐” precedes the predicate to describe change occurring little by little, rather than an action completed instantly.
Exemplos
- 天气变暖，叶子上的虫子渐渐多了起来。As the weather warms, insects gradually become more numerous on the leaves.
“通常”：一般情况
“通常” for the usual situation
“通常” means that something is generally the case while allowing exceptions; it does not mean “always”.
Exemplos
- 蚜虫通常聚在比较嫩的叶片和枝条上。Aphids usually gather on tender leaves and shoots.
“相对”与比较的范围
“相对” and the scope of a comparison
“相对” presents something in comparison with another situation. The context should make that comparison understandable.
Exemplos
- 与没有路灯时相比，这一段路夜里走起来相对方便。Compared with when there were no streetlights, this section is relatively convenient to walk at night.
“曾经”：过去有过的情况
“曾经” for a past situation or experience
“曾经” marks a situation or experience that existed in the past. It does not itself mean that the situation continues now.
Exemplos
- 这里曾经生产煤气，现在是公共空间。Gas was once produced here; it is now a public space.
“（自）……以来”：从过去起点到现在或参照时点
“（自）……以来” for a period beginning in the past
“以来” follows a time or event and describes the period from that starting point to now or another reference time. “自” may appear before the starting point.
Exemplos
- 公园开放以来，人们对这块土地的认识发生了变化。Since the park opened, people’s understanding of this land has changed.
“较”：书面语中的程度比较
“较” for degree comparison in writing
“较” can precede an adjective to express a relatively higher or lower degree. The comparison should be clear from context.
Exemplos
- 在这个时段，乙处的浓度较高。During this period, the concentration at B is relatively high.
“依据”：说明判断的根据
“依据” to introduce the basis of a judgment
“依据” introduces information, rules or other grounds for a judgment or action.
Exemplos
- 依据这两个时段的数据，两处的平均数相同。Based on the data from these two periods, the averages at both sites are the same.
“……，可见……”：从事实推出判断
“……，可见……” for drawing an inference
Facts come first, followed by “可见” and an inference. The inference must stay within what those facts support.
Exemplos
- 两处上午和下午的读数次序相反，可见只比较上午是不够的。The ordering of the readings reverses between morning and afternoon, so comparing mornings alone is insufficient.
“时刻”：持续保持
“时刻” for remaining constantly in a state
As an adverb, “时刻” means continually maintaining a state, often with words such as paying attention or being ready. Here it does not refer to a particular moment.
Exemplos
- 负责人员需要时刻留意运行情况。The responsible staff need to remain constantly alert to how the equipment is operating.
- “某个时刻”的“时刻”是名词，例如：“到达门口的那一时刻，机器人停止了移动。”In “某个时刻”, “时刻” is a noun: “At the moment it reached the door, the robot stopped moving.”
“由……组成”：整体与部分
“由……组成” for a whole and its parts
The whole comes first; “由” introduces its parts, followed by “组成”.
Exemplos
- 这个教学单元由短讲、阅读和讨论三部分组成。This unit consists of a short talk, reading and discussion.
“一旦……，就……”：条件出现后的结果
“一旦……，就……” for a result triggered by a condition
“一旦” introduces a condition and “就” its result. The pattern emphasises the connection between them, not merely their order in time.
Exemplos
- 一旦把正常的等待当作没人回应，就容易重复发送问题。Once normal waiting is mistaken for no response, repeated questions become more likely.
“形容词＋得＋主谓短语”：用完整情形说明程度
“Adjective + 得 + subject-predicate phrase” to show degree
A phrase with its own subject and predicate can follow “得”, describing a complete situation that shows the degree or effect of the preceding state.
Exemplos
- 房间安静得大家说话都不自觉放轻了。The room is so quiet that everyone unconsciously lowers their voice.
- 响声大得门外的人也听见了。The sound is so loud that people outside the door hear it too.
“不但不……，反而……”：与预期相反的进一步结果
“不但不……，反而……” for a result contrary to expectation
The first part denies an expected situation, and the second presents the actual, opposite result. Depending on meaning, “没有” or another negative may replace “不”. The two parts must have a clear contrary relationship.
Exemplos
- 讨论不但没有减少我们的疑问，反而让我们发现了更多值得研究的问题。The discussion did not reduce our questions; instead, it revealed more questions worth studying.
- 只重复一句结论，不但不能帮助理解，反而可能遮住证据。Simply repeating a conclusion does not help understanding and may instead hide the evidence.
“从而”：前项引出结果
“从而”: Introducing a resulting effect
“从而” links an action or situation with a resulting effect, in a relatively formal style. It should not simply connect unrelated events.
Exemplos
- 保护层减少水和氧气接触铁，从而减慢生锈。A protective layer reduces iron's contact with water and oxygen, thereby slowing rusting.
- 了解材料的性质，可以帮助人们选择合适的保护，从而减少损害。Understanding a material's properties helps people choose suitable protection and thereby reduce damage.
“果然”：符合先前预期
“果然”: Matching an earlier expectation
“果然” indicates that an observed fact matches an earlier judgement or expectation. The context should make that expectation clear.
Exemplos
- 根据潮汐情况，下午水位会升高。再来观察时，水位果然比早晨高了。Tidal conditions suggest that the water will rise in the afternoon. On returning, we find that it is indeed higher than in the morning.
“的确”：确认判断
“的确”: Confirming a judgement
“的确” confirms that a situation is real; it does not necessarily require a prior expectation.
Exemplos
- 海岸的确可能发生长期变化，但一天的记录还不够。Coasts can indeed change over the long term, but one day's record is not enough.
“从……来看”：限定观察角度
“从……来看”: Specifying a perspective
The part after “从” states the perspective or basis for a judgement; the part after “来看” gives the conclusion from that perspective. A different perspective may draw attention to different features.
Exemplos
- 从行政范围来看，全市区域可能比旅客熟悉的市中心大得多。From the perspective of administrative boundaries, the full municipal area may be much larger than the city centre familiar to visitors.
- 从交通介绍来看，这所学校还需要说明它距车站多远。From the perspective of travel information, the school's distance from the station still needs to be stated.
“据”：说明信息来源
“据”: Stating an information source
“据” introduces material, a report or an account as the source of the information that follows.
Exemplos
- 据人口普查公报，60岁及以上人口占18.70%。According to the census bulletin, people aged 60 or over account for 18.70%.
“较＋对象”：提出比较基准
“较 + comparison object”: Naming a comparison basis
More formal writing can use “较” to introduce a comparison basis, with a meaning close to “比” in this use.
Exemplos
- 较2010年，这个比例上升了5.44个百分点。Compared with 2010, this share has risen by 5.44 percentage points.
“没有……，就没有……”：说明必要前提 “没有……，就没有……” :
Stating a necessary condition
This pattern presents the first part as necessary for the second. It does not mean that the first alone guarantees the second.
Exemplos
- 没有清楚的时间和对象，就没有可靠的比较。Without clear dates and subjects, there can be no reliable comparison.
“有着”：具有某种特点
“有着”: Having a characteristic
“有着” is common in more written descriptions of characteristics, experiences or relationships.
Exemplos
- 不同通信方式有着不同的节奏。Different ways of communicating have different rhythms.
- 这些旧信有着特别的意义。These old letters have a special significance.
“颗”：数小而圆的东西
“颗”: Counting small, roughly rounded objects
“颗” can count small, roughly rounded objects such as coffee beans. Larger quantities may instead be described by weight.
Exemplos
- 不是每颗咖啡豆都走同一条路线。Not every coffee bean takes the same route.
“白＋动词”：没有得到希望的结果
“白 + verb”: An effort without its intended result
Before a verb, “白” can indicate that an action did not produce its intended result. It does not refer to colour or necessarily mean that the action had no effect whatsoever.
Exemplos
- 我排了很久队，却没有领到券，真是白等了。I queued for a long time but did not get a voucher. I waited in vain.
- 多读了产地介绍，我才明白这些联系，时间没有白花。Reading about the origin helped me understand these connections, so the time was not wasted.
“届”：有次序的活动
“届”: Events in a sequence
“届” counts exhibitions, conferences and similar events held in a sequence. “这一届” and “上一届” identify different editions, not the number of stands.
Exemplos
- 这一届展会快结束了，上一届是在去年举行的。This edition of the exhibition is nearly over; the previous one was held last year.
“即将”：临近发生
“即将”: About to happen
“即将” means that something will happen soon, often in relatively formal descriptions. It does not mean the event is already complete.
Exemplos
- 展会即将结束，参观者还在继续提问。The exhibition is about to end, but visitors are still asking questions.
“X来X去，都是／就是……”：反复之后仍然如此 “X来X去，都是/就是……” :
The same outcome after repetition
“X来X去” describes repeating an action, while “都是” or “就是” stresses that its result or content remains the same. The expression evaluates the outcome as well as describing a process.
Exemplos
- 我们谈来谈去，都是同一个问题：怎样把老手艺传下去？We keep coming back to the same question: how can we pass the old craft on?
- 他们看来看去，就是不明白传统制作和新服务怎样联系。They keep looking, but still do not understand how traditional making and new services connect.
“早晚”：迟早会发生
“早晚”: Sooner or later
“早晚” can mean “sooner or later”: the speaker expects something to happen without specifying a date. It does not mean “morning and evening” here.
Exemplos
- 我们早晚都会遇到需要别人帮助的时候。Sooner or later, we all encounter times when we need help.
- 他觉得，自己的需要早晚会改变。He thinks his needs will change sooner or later.
“X也X不得，Y也Y不得”：两种选择都受限制
“X也X不得，Y也Y不得”: Both options are constrained
This pattern repeats actions to present two constrained choices. The restrictions may come from practical conditions or the speaker’s feelings, and the context must explain them.
Exemplos
- 修也修不得，扔也扔不得。I cannot get it repaired, and I cannot throw it away either.
- 零件暂时配不到，所以今天修不了；又舍不得旧收音机，所以不愿意扔。这里不是说“修”和“扔”在任何时候都不允许。The needed part is unavailable, preventing repair today; attachment to the old radio makes discarding it unacceptable to the speaker. The sentence does not forbid repairing or discarding it in all circumstances.
“反正”：无论如何，决定如此
“反正”: Anyway
“反正” indicates an existing decision that is not changed by some of the surrounding reasons or circumstances. It is conversational.
Exemplos
- 反正这次只想临时用一次，先了解租用也合适。I only intend to use it once this time anyway, so it makes sense to explore renting first.
“总之”：归纳前面的内容
“总之”: Summarising what came before
“总之” summarises aspects already discussed rather than suddenly introducing an unsupported new conclusion.
Exemplos
- 总之，选择要符合自己的使用需要。In summary, the choice should fit one’s own needs.
“朝”：引出动作方向
“朝”: Introducing a direction
“朝 + direction or place” comes before an action and indicates where it is directed, not that the destination has been reached.
Exemplos
- 步行的人朝广场另一边走。Pedestrians walk towards the other side of the square.
- 列车到达以后，旅客朝出口走去。After the train arrives, passengers walk towards the exit.
“集”：连续作品的分集单位
“集”: Episodes of a continuing work
“集” can count episodes of radio serials, television series and similar works. “第一集” names part of a continuing work, rather than a book.
Exemplos
- 第一集介绍了人物，第二集继续讲述他们的故事。The first episode introduces the characters, and the second continues their story.
- 我听完两集，才知道是谁留下了纸条。Only after listening to two episodes did I learn who had left the note.
“过去”：进入另一状态
“过去”: Entering a different state
After certain verbs, “过去” can describe entering another state rather than a direction of movement. “睡了过去” here means moving from wakefulness into sleep. The meaning depends on the particular verb.
Exemplos
- 他等着等着，睡了过去。He fell asleep while waiting.
Nível 5 · Livro 3
“心理动词＋得＋不得了”：程度很深
“Psychological verb + 得 + 不得了”: A very strong feeling
After psychological verbs such as “喜欢” or “想念”, “得不得了” can emphasise a very strong feeling or state. “不得了” here does not mean the action is impossible.
Exemplos
- 我喜欢这段描写，喜欢得不得了。I love this description very much indeed.
- 他离开家很久，想念亲人想念得不得了。He has been away from home a long time and misses his family terribly.
“束”：集中在一起的光或花
“束”: A beam of light or bunch of flowers
“束” can count light gathered into a beam or flowers gathered into a bunch. “一束光” here describes a relatively concentrated shaft of light.
Exemplos
- 一束光从楼房之间落下来。A beam of light falls between the buildings.
“像……似的”：描写相似的样子
“像……似的”: Describing resemblance
“似的” follows the image used for comparison and expresses resemblance, often with “像”. The wet, shining street is compared to a mirror, highlighting how it reflects lights and clothes.
Exemplos
- 路面湿亮，像一面镜子似的。The wet street shines like a mirror.
- 街上的灯映在水里，像一排星星似的。The street lights reflected in the water look like a row of stars.
量词“架”：机器、乐器等
“架”: A measure word for certain machines and instruments
“架” counts objects such as pianos; learn its combinations individually.
Exemplos
- 画面里有一架钢琴。There is a piano on the screen.
“X也不是，Y也不是”：两难
“X也不是，Y也不是”: A dilemma
Use this pattern when neither of two choices feels satisfactory or easy to decide upon.
Exemplos
- 他一时走也不是，留也不是。For a moment, he found both leaving and staying difficult.
“仿佛”：相似的感觉
“仿佛”: A sense of resemblance
“仿佛” can introduce a sense of resemblance or an imagined experience without asserting that it actually occurred.
Exemplos
- 读者仿佛站在窗前。Readers feel as though they are standing before the window.
- 远处的灯光仿佛一朵小花。The distant light looks like a little flower.
“下来”：从变化进入稳定状态
“下来”: Settling into a stable state
After words such as “平静” and “安静”, “下来” can describe gradually entering and settling into that state.
Exemplos
- 讨论慢慢平静下来。The discussion gradually calmed down.
- 大家读到最后一句，安静下来。Everyone fell quiet on reading the final sentence.
“A＋形容词＋B＋数量”：差量比较
“A + adjective + B + amount”: Comparing a measurable difference
Comparisons without “比” are common in conventional expressions of height and age, such as “我高他半头” and “他大我三岁”. With a longer comparison phrase, using “比” is usually clearer, as in “乙的成绩比甲的成绩高五厘米”.
Exemplos
- 我高他半头。I am half a head taller than him.
- 他大我三岁。He is three years older than me.
“动词＋得＋主谓短语”：说明动作造成的状态
“Verb + 得 + subject-predicate phrase”: A state resulting from an action
The phrase after “得” can have its own subject and predicate, describing the degree or result of the preceding action.
Exemplos
- 观众喊得嗓子都哑了。The spectators shouted themselves hoarse.
- 她跑得脸都红了。She ran so hard that her face turned red.
“得”后接固定短语
Established phrases after “得”
Some established phrases describe a state after “得”, as in being exhausted and out of breath or delighted enough to dance with joy. The combination must be natural; not every established phrase can be freely placed after “得”.
Exemplos
- 他累得气喘吁吁。He was so tired that he was out of breath.
- 她高兴得手舞足蹈。She was so happy that she danced and waved her arms with joy.
“哪怕……，也……”：条件变化不改变后项 “哪怕……，也……”：A
condition that does not change the outcome
“哪怕” introduces an extreme or minimal hypothetical condition, followed by “也” to show that an outcome or attitude still holds.
Exemplos
- 哪怕只认真看一件展品，也可以开始了解一段人的生活。Even careful attention to just one exhibit can begin an exploration of human life.
- 哪怕只能停留十分钟，我也想看看这件物品。Even if I can stay for only ten minutes, I still want to see this object.
“立刻”：紧接着行动
“立刻”: Acting immediately
“立刻” comes before a verb to indicate action immediately following a time or event.
Exemplos
- 他听到讲座开始的消息，立刻走进会场。On hearing that the lecture was starting, he immediately entered the venue.
“说A就A”：行动很快发生
“说A就A”: An action following very quickly
Expressions such as “说走就走” emphasise that an announced action happens quickly, often suggesting decisiveness or suddenness.
Exemplos
- 她说走就走，拿起笔记本便出门了。She set off as soon as she said she would, picking up her notebook and going out.
“不……不……”：紧缩的条件关系 “不……不……”：A
compact condition
“不试不知道” means that without trying, one does not know. The two negatives connect a condition with its result. Learn natural established uses rather than assuming every pair of negatives has this relationship.
Exemplos
- 不试不知道，真正一起做过，才看清需要什么配合。You do not know until you try; working together reveals what coordination is needed.
- 不问不清楚，问过以后才知道他为什么这样想。You cannot be clear without asking; only after asking do you know why he thinks that way.
“把＋宾语1＋动词＋宾语2”：赋予一种身份或称呼
“把 + object 1 + verb + object 2”: Giving an identity or name
“把” introduces the object being understood, named or used, followed by what it is taken to be. The second object expresses an identity or use, rather than a recipient of a transfer.
Exemplos
- 他把一块平石头当凳子。He used a flat stone as a seat.
- 大家把这座旧屋叫作小书房。Everyone calls this old house the little study.
“不X白不X”：觉得机会不利用便可惜
“不X白不X”: Seeing an opportunity as worth taking
Expressions such as “不看白不看” suggest that the speaker sees an available opportunity as worth taking. This is a conversational attitude, not an obligation for the listener.
Exemplos
- 这是免费开放的展览，不看白不看。The exhibition is free, so why not see it?
- 这份资料本来就是给参加者看的，不看白不看。These materials are provided for participants, so we might as well read them.
“白”：没有得到预期结果
“白”: Without achieving the intended result
Before a verb, “白” can indicate that time or effort was spent without achieving the intended result.
Exemplos
- 想吃的点心已经卖完，我白跑了一趟。The snack I wanted had sold out, so my trip was wasted.
- 地址没有核对清楚，我们白走了一段路。We had not checked the address properly, so part of our walk was wasted.
时常：多次发生
Often
时常 comes before a verb phrase and describes something that happens often, rather than on every occasion.
Exemplos
- 她时常来这里参加读书活动。She often comes here for reading activities.
- 我们时常在散步时聊起小时候的事。We often talk about our childhood while walking.
反正：说明不受其他情况影响的判断
In any case
反正 introduces a reason or decision that the speaker regards as unaffected by other circumstances.
Exemplos
- 反正下午没有别的安排，我们可以慢慢读完这个故事。We have no other plans this afternoon anyway, so we can take our time finishing the story.
- 我不一定同意他的看法，反正先听他把话说完。I may not agree with him; in any case, I will hear him out first.
早已：在参照时间以前就已经
Long before a reference time
早已 indicates that something had happened or existed well before the time being discussed.
Exemplos
- 在宋代以前，观测日影计时的方法早已存在。Methods of observing shadows to tell time had already existed before the Song dynasty.
- 我打开这本书时，朋友早已读完了。By the time I opened this book, my friend had finished reading it long before.
周：时间单位
Weeks
周 follows a number to express a period measured in weeks.
Exemplos
- 她连续三周记录了每天起床的时间。She recorded her waking time for three consecutive weeks.
形容词＋得＋动词短语
Adjective + 得 + verb phrase
An adjective followed by 得 and a verb phrase describes the degree of a state or the result it produces.
Exemplos
- 这个旧门洞低得只能弯着腰通过。This old doorway is so low that you have to bend at the waist to pass through.
- 院子静得能听见窗外的鸟叫。The courtyard is so quiet that you can hear birds outside the window.
“格外”：超出平常的程度
“格外” for a degree beyond the usual
“格外” precedes an adjective to indicate a degree beyond the usual or expected.
Exemplos
- 转过弯以后，眼前的水面显得格外开阔。After the bend, the water ahead seems especially open.
“简直”：强调主观感受
“简直” for an emphatic impression
“简直” emphasises a speaker’s judgment, often with a comparison or strong evaluation, rather than a precise measurement.
Exemplos
- 只转了一个弯，简直像换了一个地方。After just one bend, it almost feels like a different place.
“不管怎样说”：让步后的基本立场
“不管怎样说” for a position that holds nevertheless
“不管怎样说” acknowledges different possible arguments before presenting a judgment the speaker still maintains.
Exemplos
- 不管怎样说，讨论不能靠骂人来结束。In any case, insults are no way to end a discussion.
“行”：成行文字的计量
“行” for a line of writing
Pronounced háng, “行” can refer to writing arranged in a horizontal or vertical line. Examples include one line of characters or two lines of poetry. It is not pronounced xíng here.
Exemplos
- 这一行字有大有小，却能彼此呼应。The characters in this line vary in size yet relate to one another.
“X是它，Y也是它”：同一对象的两种表现
“X是它，Y也是它” for two aspects of one object
“它” must have a clear referent. The two parts describe different aspects of that same previously identified object.
Exemplos
- 这里说的是二胡：演奏柔和旋律的是它，奏出有力段落的也是它。The referent here is the erhu: it plays gentle melodies, and it also plays forceful passages.
“批”：成组的人或物
“批” for a group or batch
“批” counts groups of people or batches of things, rather than specifying the number within each group.
Exemplos
- 这一批器物样式相近，颜色却不完全一样。The objects in this batch have similar designs but not identical colours.
“极其”：书面语中的高程度
“极其” for a high degree in formal language
“极其” commonly precedes adjectives in formal writing to emphasise a very high degree.
Exemplos
- 她观察得极其仔细。She observes extremely carefully.
“匹”：马的计量
“匹” as a measure word for horses
Use “匹” to count horses, as in “一匹马” and “两匹马”. It is a common measure word for horses.
Exemplos
- 这件唐代骑马俑表现了一个人和一匹马。This Tang riding figure depicts one person and one horse.
“没A没B”：固定搭配中的否定
“没A没B” in established expressions
“没A没B” occurs in established expressions and cannot freely combine any two words. “没日没夜” means doing something day and night, often suggesting hard work or insufficient rest.
Exemplos
- 他没日没夜地整理资料，已经很累了。He has been sorting materials day and night and is already very tired.
“动词＋有＋宾语”：附着或留下的对象
“Verb + 有 + object” for an attached or remaining object
Some written descriptions place “有” after a verb to describe what is attached, inscribed or left at a place. A clear object is needed, and not every verb allows this pattern.
Exemplos
- 这块石头上刻有文字。Words are carved on this stone.
- 旧墙上留有修补的痕迹。The old wall retains traces of repairs.
“当中”表示范围
“当中” for a range
Following an expression of scope, “当中” can mean within that scope, rather than its physical centre.
Exemplos
- 三项工程当中，每一项都有自己的作用。Each of the three works has its own role.
“据说”与来源
“据说” and the source of an account
“据说” reports another person’s account and does not itself establish its truth. Readers still need to consider the speaker and supporting material.
Exemplos
- 据说，旧书里还有类似的记载，读者需要找到原文再判断。There are reportedly similar accounts in an old book; readers need to locate the original text before judging.
“绝对”与否定：留意语序
“绝对” with negation: Pay attention to word order
Before negatives such as “不” or “不能”, “绝对” makes the denial emphatic, as in “绝对不能” (definitely must not). By contrast, “不能绝对认定” rejects absolute certainty: a judgment cannot be treated as a fact with no exceptions. The two word orders have different meanings.
Exemplos
- 我们绝对不能把古书记载直接当作给自己用药的依据。We must never use an ancient text directly as a basis for choosing medicines for ourselves.
- 不能绝对认定古书里的同一个名称处处意思一样。We cannot assume that the same name necessarily has the same meaning everywhere in an old text.
复习：“先……后来……最后……”的过程顺序
Review: stages in a process
These time expressions connect stages and show how a process unfolds in sequence.
Exemplos
- 先有幼苗，后来移到田里生长，最后才收获。First seedlings appear, later they are transplanted into the field to grow, and finally they are harvested.
“其”与“其余”：书面指代
“其” and “其余” in written reference
“其” can refer back to a person or thing, meaning its or their. “其余” means the remainder within a stated scope. Both require a clear referent or scope.
Exemplos
- 汉字部件与拼音各有作用，不能忽视其差别。Character components and pinyin each have a role; their differences should not be ignored.
- 看见一个部件以后，还要观察其余部分。After noticing one component, examine the remaining parts too.
“再……也……”：程度不改变后面的判断
“再……也……” for a judgment unaffected by degree
Before an adjective, “再” means that the following judgment still holds even at a high degree. It does not mean once again here.
Exemplos
- 本领再高，也不妨听听别人的解释。However skilled someone is, they can still listen to another explanation.
“有着”：地点主题下的存在
“有着” for existence within a location
With a location as the topic, “有着” can introduce things that continue to exist there, commonly in descriptive writing, without emphasising an owner.
Exemplos
- 这个古村有着相互连接的水道与街巷。This old village has interconnected channels and lanes.
“支”：队伍的计量
“支” as a measure word for a team
“支” can count organised teams or groups. This use differs from counting brushes in Lesson 87, though the pronunciation is the same.
Exemplos
- 八个国家的研究者组成了一支团队。Researchers from eight countries formed a team.
Perguntas
Que gramática preciso para o HSK 5?
Estes são os pontos que o livro HuWolMont do nível 5 realmente ensina, na ordem das lições.
Basta ler a explicação?
Não exatamente. No app cada ponto tem prática e correção na hora, e cada lição termina com uma autoavaliação.
Dos livros HuWolMont HSK 3.0, escritos de acordo com o programa HSK de 2025.