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Ressources · HSK 3.0

Grammaire HSK 6

Les 171 points de grammaire du manuel HuWolMont de niveau 6, livre par livre (124 leçons).

Pour l’instant, les sens et les explications sont en anglais.

Niveau 6 · Livre 1

“准—”：即将具有的身份

“准—”: an anticipated status

Placed before certain names for roles or statuses, 准— describes someone who is about to acquire that status. In the text, 准大学生 refers to someone who has received an admission offer but has not yet formally enrolled. This usage occurs in everyday introductions and news reports; it is not an official enrolment category.

Exemples

  • 这场介绍会面向已经收到录取通知的准大学生。This information session is for future university students who have already received admission offers.
  • 几位准毕业生正在准备毕业展览。Several students about to graduate are preparing their graduation exhibition.

“—式”：方式或形式

“—式”: a method or form

The suffix —式 can follow certain words describing an activity or feature to form expressions for a method or form. 问答式学习 organises learning through questions and answers, while 讨论式教学 develops teaching through discussion. Such expressions often modify nouns and can also appear in the pattern 采用……式, “adopt a … approach.”

Exemples

  • 这门课采用讨论式教学，学生需要在课前读完指定材料。This course uses a discussion-based approach, and students need to finish the assigned reading before class.
  • 这篇问答式文章用几个具体问题介绍了植物的生长过程。This question-and-answer article introduces how plants grow through several specific questions.

1. “人家”的指代

Reference with 人家

人家 can refer to someone other than the speaker and listener. In the text, 人家还要去接弟弟呢 refers to the fellow member mentioned in the preceding question. The context needs to make the person's identity clear. 人家 is common in conversation and can carry a tone of explaining someone's circumstances or asking the listener to take them into account.

Exemples

  • 他已经答应帮忙了，让人家先把自己的事做完吧。He has already agreed to help. Let him finish his own work first.
  • 在熟人之间轻松的口语中，说话人有时也用“人家”指自己，带一点撒娇或轻微抱怨的语气。正式介绍自己的情况时，一般用“我”。In relaxed conversation between people who know each other well, a speaker may also use 人家 to refer to themselves, with an affectionate or mildly complaining tone. 我 is generally used when presenting one's situation formally.
  • 甲：你怎么还没到？A: Why aren't you here yet?

2. “也好”：接受提议 也好:

accepting a suggestion

也好 can stand alone as a response accepting a suggestion, or follow the suggested arrangement. It often indicates that an option is worth considering or is acceptable, in a relatively mild tone.

Exemples

  • 甲：我们散会后再慢慢聊吧。A: Let's talk properly after the meeting.
  • 乙：也好，现在大家都在等。B: That sounds good. Everyone is waiting now.
  • 周六去也好，那天我们都有时间。Saturday would work too. We're both free that day.

比较中的“与……不同” 与……不同

in comparisons

甲与乙不同 states that two things differ. To specify the difference, 在……上 can identify the aspect being compared. Another option is to introduce one item and use 而 to connect the other. The text develops syllable count, sound endings and tones separately, making the comparisons clear.

Exemples

  • 这两种说法在音节数量上不同。These two expressions differ in their number of syllables.
  • 普通话的“不知道”有三个音节，而粤语的“唔知”有两个。Mandarin 不知道 has three syllables, whereas Cantonese 唔知 has two.
  • 比较事物时，两项应围绕同一方面展开。“音节数量不同”说明数量差别，不能由此直接判断哪一种方言整体说得更快。A comparison should address the same aspect of both items. A difference in syllable count describes a difference in quantity; it does not by itself establish which dialect is spoken faster overall.

“这也不……，那也不……”：并列否定

“这也不……，那也不……”: parallel negatives

This pattern places two negative situations in parallel, suggesting that none of the options being considered meets the need. It often conveys frustration or dissatisfaction. 这 and 那 can refer to different objects, places or approaches. 不 can also appear within potential complements such as 放不下, “cannot fit,” and 装不进, “cannot be put into.”

Exemples

  • 这个柜子也放不下，那个柜子也放不下，看来得给这只大箱子另找地方了。It won't fit in this cupboard or that one. It looks as though we'll have to find somewhere else for this large box.
  • 她试了几种摆法，这也不合适，那也不合适，最后决定少放一把椅子。She tried several arrangements, but none seemed suitable, so she finally decided to leave out one chair.

“谁的……”：明确关系的出发点 谁的……:

identifying the starting point of a relationship

甲的乙 takes 甲 as the starting point of a relationship. When describing a series of family relationships, changing the person before 的 also changes that starting point. Chinese can omit a person already clear from context, but stating the person explicitly helps when a complex relationship is introduced.

Exemples

  • 妹妹的儿子是哥哥的外甥。The younger sister's son is her older brother's nephew on his sister's side.
  • 哥哥的儿子是妹妹的侄子。The older brother's son is his younger sister's nephew on her brother's side.
  • “他是舅舅”需要上下文说明“谁的舅舅”；“他是我妈妈的弟弟”则直接给出了判断关系所需的信息。他是舅舅 needs context to establish whose maternal uncle he is. 他是我妈妈的弟弟, “He is my mother's younger brother,” directly provides the information needed to identify the relationship.

结果补语与程度表达

Result complements and degree expressions

软 in 泡软了 describes the result of soaking, while 好 in 切好 indicates that the preparation is complete. These expressions focus on the state resulting from an action. When describing personal impressions, words such as 有点, 很 and 更 can precede adjectives to indicate degree.

Exemples

  • 黄瓜已经切好了，可以放进盘子里。The cucumber has been chopped and can be put on the plate.
  • 爸爸觉得加了芝麻酱的一边更香。Dad thinks the side with sesame paste is more aromatic.

“看见、听见、尝到”：感知的结果 看见, 听见

and 尝到: results of perception

看 and 听 can describe the acts of looking and listening, while 看见 and 听见 indicate that the relevant object has been perceived. 尝到 means to experience a taste through tasting. The object should suit the mode of perception: colours and shapes are seen, sounds are heard, and tastes are tasted.

Exemples

  • 他听了很久，终于听见远处传来脚步声。He listened for a long time and finally heard footsteps in the distance.
  • 她尝了一口汤，尝到一点酸味。She tasted a spoonful of soup and detected a slightly sour taste.
  • “闻到”用来表示通过鼻子感知到气味。“尝到甜味”和“闻到香味”说明的是不同的感知方式。闻到 expresses detecting a smell through the nose. 尝到甜味, “taste sweetness,” and 闻到香味, “smell an aroma,” describe different modes of perception.

1. “无—”：没有或缺少

“无—”: without; lacking

无— can precede certain nouns to express the absence of something. 无声 means “without sound,” while 无线 describes something that does not rely on connecting wires. Such words often occur in written descriptions and names of everyday products.

Exemples

  • 这段无声画面配上文字，也能交代故事发生的时间。Text accompanying this silent sequence can also establish when the story takes place.
  • 他戴上无线耳机，开始听节目。He put on his wireless earphones and began listening to the programme.

2. “嘛”：说明理由或提示已知情况 嘛:

explaining a reason or pointing out something evident

嘛 is common in conversation. It presents a situation as an understandable reason or draws attention to something already known. It generally does not mark a question and has a neutral tone. In the text, 六点开门嘛 explains why the owner prepares things early.

Exemples

  • 今天是周末嘛，我们可以晚一点出发。It's the weekend, after all. We can leave a little later.
  • 你刚到这儿嘛，慢慢熟悉就好了。You've only just arrived here. You'll get to know the place gradually.

“一同”：共同进行动作 一同:

doing something together

一同 is an adverb placed before a verb or verb phrase to show that two or more people do something together. The subject can name the participants directly, or 和 or 与 can introduce the people taking part with someone. 一同 is close in meaning to 一起 and often occurs in narratives and relatively formal descriptions.

Exemples

  • 几位学员一同讨论这个问题。Several participants discuss the problem together.
  • 她和导师一同查看项目的说明。She looks through the project documentation with her mentor.
  • 他们在不同城市，一同参加线上讨论。They are in different cities and take part in the online discussion together.

“不……不……，一……就／才……”：尝试前后的发现

A discovery after trying something

In 不X不……，一X就／才……, the two parts correspond: before doing something, a person does not know or realise a situation; after doing it, they make a discovery. X normally refers to the same action in both parts, and the second part states what was discovered.

Exemples

  • 这两篇文章不比较不知道，一比较才发现，它们的开头交代了不同的信息。Only by comparing the two articles did we discover that their openings provided different information.
  • 这个故事不写不知道，一写就发现有些细节还记不清。I did not realise until I tried writing the story that some details were still unclear in my memory.

1. “特”：口语中的程度副词 特:

a conversational degree adverb

特 precedes an adjective or an expression of feeling to indicate a high degree, especially in conversation. 特有意思 is close in meaning to 特别有意思, “really interesting.” It cannot directly replace 特别 when that word means “special,” as in 特别的机会.

Exemples

  • 这位司机说话特有意思。This driver has a really interesting way of speaking.

2. “啦”：带出说话时的语气 啦:

conveying an expressive tone

At the end of an utterance, 啦 can give it a more expressive conversational tone; its function depends on context. 今天可热闹啦 conveys the speaker's lively interest in the day's experience. Some uses of 啦 arise from 了 and 啊 occurring together, but not every instance has an identical function.

Exemples

  • 车来啦，我们过去吧。The bus is here! Let's go over.

3. “放着……不……”：对选择的评价 放着……不……:

commenting on a choice

放着X不Y points out that a condition, opportunity or object is available, yet the relevant action is not taken. It often expresses the speaker's view of that choice and may be followed by what actually happens instead.

Exemples

  • 他放着旁边的空位不坐，想站在窗前看看街景。He leaves the empty seat beside him unused because he wants to stand by the window and look at the street.
  • 朋友笑着说：“你放着家门口这么有意思的地方不写，只想着远方。”His friend says with a smile, “You have such an interesting place right on your doorstep, yet you only think about writing about faraway places.”

1. “净”：只或全是某一类 净:

only; nothing but a particular kind

As an adverb before a verb, 净 can mean doing only, or repeatedly doing, a particular kind of thing. It often carries the speaker's judgement. 净记喝茶的事 points out that A's memories concern tea, with a teasing tone.

Exemples

  • 你净说前面的事，还没告诉我故事后来怎样了。You keep talking about the earlier events, but you haven't told me what happened later.

2. “得了”：停止或不再说下去 得了:

bringing something to a stop

In conversation, 得了 can mean “all right, that's enough,” stopping someone's speech or responding to a claim the speaker does not fully accept. It may be teasing or impatient, depending on the relationship and context. This expression differs from 得到, “obtain.”

Exemples

  • “得了，别再夸自己了，快说说你读了什么吧。”“All right, enough boasting! Tell us what you've been reading.”

3.

“这段相声把大家听乐了” A 把 sentence with the person doing the action as its object

In 这段相声把大家听乐了, 大家 refers to the people listening and being affected by the performance. The subject, 这段相声, introduces the cause, and 听乐了 gives the result. Such sentences normally need a result expression; 这段相声把大家听 alone is incomplete.

Exemples

  • 演员一口气说出的几个名字，把大家听糊涂了。The succession of names the performer mentioned left everyone confused.
  • 这段相声把大家听乐了，散场后还有人谈起那句回答。The routine delighted the listeners, and some were still talking about that reply after the show.

1. “明明”：指出说话人认为清楚的事实 明明:

pointing to something the speaker regards as clear

明明 often emphasises an apparently clear situation before describing an action or result that conflicts with it. In the text, the audience can see from a character's actions that he wants to speak, yet he stops.

Exemples

  • 他明明已经走到门口，却又转身回来了。He had clearly reached the doorway, yet he turned and came back.

2. “算了”：停止或放弃 算了:

stopping or letting something go

算了 can stand alone or follow a matter being discussed, indicating that an action or pursuit will stop. It may express a deliberate decision to let go or a sense of resignation. Pauses and context help listeners understand the tone.

Exemples

  • 甲：最后一段还要再排一遍吗？A: Shall we rehearse the last part once more?
  • 乙：算了，大家都累了，明天再练吧。B: Let's leave it. Everyone is tired; we can rehearse it tomorrow.
  • “我还想再说两句……算了，你先忙吧。”“There are a couple more things I'd like to say… Never mind. I'll let you get on.”

熟人之间的轻松语气

A light tone between familiar people

Between familiar performers, 人家 may refer to the speaker and 嘛 may explain a reason, with a mildly complaining tone. This suits a relaxed relationship; 我 is generally used when formally explaining rehearsal arrangements.

Exemples

  • 甲：你怎么站着不说话呀？A: Why are you standing there without saying anything?
  • 乙：人家在等你转过身来嘛。B: I'm waiting for you to turn around, you know.

1. “就算……也……”：假设让步 就算……也……:

a hypothetical concession

就算 introduces a possible situation, while 也 presents a judgement or choice that would still hold in that situation. The first part need not have happened; the second identifies what would remain true. In the text, even a few completed pages could preserve and pass on memories.

Exemples

  • 就算暂时只能完成这几页，它们也能把那段记忆传给家里更小的孩子。Even if only these few pages can be completed for now, they can still pass those memories on to younger children in the family.
  • 就算这次没有时间整理完，我也可以先把已经写好的部分保存下来。Even if I do not have time to finish this time, I can keep the part I have already written.

2. “左思右想”：反复考虑 左思右想:

considering something from different angles

左思右想 is an established expression meaning to think something over repeatedly. 左 and 右 pair related actions, suggesting consideration from different angles. Such patterns should be learned as specific expressions; arbitrary verbs cannot simply be inserted into 左……右…….

Exemples

  • 我左思右想，决定先把写好的几页拿给家里的小孩子看。After thinking it over, I decided to show the pages I had finished to the younger children in the family.

1. “干脆”：明确作出选择 干脆:

making a definite choice

As an adverb before a verb phrase, 干脆 presents a definite choice after consideration, often suggesting an end to hesitation. 干脆留到下次 proposes a clear decision to save something for the next trip.

Exemples

  • 时间不够，我们干脆只去古镇里的两个地方。We don't have enough time, so let's simply visit two places within the town.

2. “早不……，晚不……”：评价发生的时机

Commenting on the timing of an event

早不X，晚不X is normally followed by an event happening at this particular moment. It comments on the timing, often with frustration or resignation.

Exemples

  • 他们正要出门，雨下起来了。朋友笑着说：“早不下，晚不下，偏偏这时候下。”Just as they were leaving, it began to rain. A friend said with a smile, “Of all times, it had to start raining now!”

3. “除非……才……”：必要条件 除非……才……:

a necessary condition

除非A，才B presents A as necessary before B can be considered or become possible. In the text, a suitably timed return bus is necessary before adding the out-of-town site; even then, the travellers can consider the time remaining before deciding to go.

Exemples

  • 除非找到时间合适的返程车，我们才把它放进这次安排。We'll only include it in this trip if we find a return bus at a suitable time.
  • “除非A，否则不B”从另一面表达同样的限制。“除非”提出必要条件，并不单独保证后面的事情一定发生。除非A，否则不B, “unless A, not B,” expresses the same restriction from the other direction. 除非 introduces a necessary condition; it does not by itself guarantee that B will occur.

先后关系中的“以后、再” 以后

and 再 in sequences

A以后，再B presents the order of two actions. 以后 marks the time after the first action, and 再 introduces the next. In service information, it also matters which actions passengers perform and which staff arrange.

Exemples

  • 提取行李以后，再按照标志走向出口。After collecting your baggage, follow the signs towards the exit.
  • 旅客出示证件以后，工作人员再核对有关信息。After the passenger presents their document, the staff member checks the relevant information.
  • 先后表达描述的是一段具体安排。课文的到达顺序以进入新加坡的旅客为对象，转机旅客需要阅读自己的转机说明。A sequence describes a particular arrangement. The arrival sequence in the text concerns passengers entering Singapore; connecting passengers need the information for their own transit journey.

方位与动作中的“在、把” 在

and 把 for position and action

在 followed by a location identifies the position of an object or action, as in 披在肩上, “drape over the shoulders.” 把 followed by an object, an action and a result can emphasise the object's changed state, as in 把衣领竖起来, “raise the collar.” A location or result makes the way of wearing something more specific.

Exemples

  • 她把外套披在肩上。She draped the coat over her shoulders.
  • 风大了，他把衣领竖起来。As the wind grew stronger, he raised his collar.
  • “一顶帽子”中的“顶”是量词；“衣服两侧”中的“侧”说明位置。理解句子时，可以结合它们前后的数量或处所表达判断作用。顶 in 一顶帽子 is a measure word, while 侧 in 衣服两侧 indicates position. Surrounding quantity and location expressions help identify their roles in a sentence.

“一向”：持续的习惯或态度 一向:

a consistent habit or attitude

一向 precedes the predicate and describes a habit, attitude or feature that has continued from the past to the present. It emphasises consistency over an extended period and often occurs with expressions such as 喜欢, 重视 and 认真. 一向喜欢蓝色和灰色 presents a longstanding preference, rather than one arising only that day.

Exemples

  • 我一向喜欢在小地方加一点明亮的颜色。I have always liked adding a small touch of bright colour.
  • 她一向认真准备演出，连鞋子是否方便走动也会考虑。She consistently prepares carefully for performances, even considering whether her shoes allow her to move easily.
  • 朋友说“这顶帽子特酷”，用“特”加强程度。“一向”说明时间上的持续，“特”说明感受的程度，作用不同。In 这顶帽子特酷, 特 strengthens the degree of 酷. 一向 concerns consistency over time, while 特 concerns degree; they serve different functions.

用“则”与“一个……一个……”作比较

Using 则 and 一个……一个…… for comparison

A comparison can describe one item and then use 则 to turn to the other, highlighting differences in the same aspect. Once the two items are established, 一个……一个…… can refer back to them respectively.

Exemples

  • 滚制元宵让粉逐层附在馅上，包馅汤圆则用粉团包住馅。Rolled yuanxiao build layers of flour onto the filling, whereas filled tangyuan enclose it in dough.
  • 这两种做法，一个从馅开始形成外层，一个先准备外层再包入馅。Of these two methods, one builds the exterior from the filling outward; the other prepares the exterior first and then encloses the filling.
  • “样”可以用来数种类或项目。“两样食品”是在数食品的种类，“两颗汤圆”则是在数汤圆的个数。样 can count kinds or items. 两样食品 counts kinds of food, while 两颗汤圆 counts individual tangyuan.

“虽……，但／可／却／也……”：让步与转折

Concession and contrast

虽 is a shortened form of 虽然, used mainly in writing. The first clause acknowledges a situation; the second introduces something that differs from the usual expectation, using 但, 可, 却 or 也 as appropriate to the tone and context. 虽 may be followed by a short phrase or a full clause.

Exemples

  • 两段虽写的是同一件事，却给人不同的阅读感受。Though the two passages describe the same event, they create different reading experiences.
  • 这篇文章虽短，但事情的经过交代得很清楚。Although the piece is short, it explains the course of events clearly.
  • 虽没有见过纸条的主人，我也从那句话中感到了一份亲切。Although I had never met the person who wrote the note, I still felt a sense of warmth in that sentence.

“偷偷”＋动作

Doing something without drawing attention

偷偷 precedes a verb or verb phrase and indicates that someone does something without wanting others to notice. Whether it conveys disapproval depends on the action and context.

Exemples

  • 她想给朋友一个惊喜，偷偷准备了一张生日卡。Wanting to surprise her friend, she prepared a birthday card in secret.
  • 他偷偷看了一眼时钟，又接着听大家讲话。He stole a glance at the clock, then continued listening to everyone.

“不禁”＋动作或反应

An involuntary reaction

不禁 introduces a reaction that arises naturally in response to a situation. It often occurs with verbs such as 想, 笑 and 感叹.

Exemples

  • 听到熟悉的旋律，她不禁想起了小时候学唱歌的日子。Hearing the familiar melody, she could not help remembering when she learned to sing as a child.

动词／形容词＋“透了”：程度很深

An extreme degree

After certain verbs or adjectives, 透 can express an extreme degree. 烦透了 means extremely irritated or fed up; 美透了 means extremely beautiful. The pattern follows established combinations and cannot be freely added to every verb or adjective.

Exemples

  • 夕阳下的湖面金光闪闪，美透了。The lake glittered golden in the sunset and was breathtakingly beautiful.
  • 这几天总下雨，我闷在家里，烦透了。It has been raining for days, and I am fed up with being stuck at home.

“一时”：短暂的状态

A temporary state

一时 can precede the predicate to describe a short-lived state or something that happens temporarily at that moment. 一时说不清 emphasises difficulty explaining something for the time being, without suggesting that an explanation will remain impossible.

Exemples

  • 消息来得突然，她一时不知道该说什么。The news came so unexpectedly that, for a moment, she did not know what to say.
  • 这件事一时说不清，我们找个时间慢慢谈。This cannot be explained quickly right now; let's find time to discuss it properly.
  • “明明”常突出说话人认为清楚的事实，再与实际情况或预期形成对照。明明 often highlights something the speaker considers evident, contrasting it with what happens or what is expected.

“一番”＋活动名词

A round of an activity

番 can quantify activities such as discussion, thought or effort. Common expressions include 一番讨论, 经过一番思考 and 费了一番功夫, highlighting the process involved.

Exemples

  • 经过一番讨论，我们选出了适合长期观察的几棵树。After a thorough discussion, we selected several trees suitable for long-term observation.

“至于”：引出另一个对象

Turning to another topic

至于 introduces what will be discussed next, often shifting from one matter to another related one.

Exemples

  • 交流时间已经定了。至于具体问题，我们会提前发给您。The meeting time has been settled. As for the specific questions, we will send them beforehand.

“那倒（也）是”：承认对方的理由

Acknowledging another person's point

那倒是 or 那倒也是 acknowledges another person's reasoning, often suggesting that the speaker is reconsidering an earlier view.

Exemples

  • 听了同伴的理由，他点头说：“那倒是，我刚才没想到这一点。”After hearing his companion's reasoning, he nodded and said, “That's true. I hadn't thought of that.”

“好你个……”：熟人之间的评价

An expressive response between familiar people

好你个…… carries a strong evaluative tone. Said with a smile between people who know each other well, it can express delighted surprise, admiration or affectionate teasing. In anger, it may convey reproach. Its meaning depends on the relationship, tone and context.

Exemples

  • 老朋友多年没见，听完对方唱的一段戏，笑着说：“好你个老张，这功夫一点儿没丢！”After hearing an old friend sing a passage of traditional theatre, someone who has not seen him for years laughs: “Well, Zhang! You've still got it!”

“看你／瞧他……的”：突出某种状态

Commenting on a noticeable state

Expressions such as 看你高兴的 and 瞧他忙的 highlight a present state in conversational speech. The final 的 gives the comment an exclamatory tone. Further details may follow.

Exemples

  • 看你高兴的，刚才一直在笑。Look how happy you are—you were smiling the whole time.
  • 瞧他忙的，电话刚放下，又去招呼客人了。Look how busy he is: no sooner does he put down the phone than he goes to welcome the guests.

“A这A那”：同类动作涉及多处或多事

Repeating an action across things or places

Conversational expressions such as 找这找那, 问这问那 and 说这说那 repeat a verb before 这 and 那 to show an action directed at various things. They can suggest bustle, scattered activity or lack of focus. Use established, natural combinations.

Exemples

  • 纸笔都放在同一个盒子里，开会前就不用找这找那了。With all the paper and pens in one box, there is no need to search here and there before the meeting.
  • 她第一次来，对房间很好奇，问这问那，我们就带她各处看看。Curious about the room on her first visit, she asked about all sorts of things, so we showed her around.

“以免”：说明希望避免的情况

Expressing a preventive purpose

以免 introduces an outcome that an action is intended to prevent. The preceding clause normally describes that action. It connects an action with a preventive purpose, rather than necessarily reporting something that has already happened.

Exemples

  • 把两种材料分开放，以免拿错。Keep the two materials separately to avoid taking the wrong one.
  • 记下开封日期，以免过几天忘记。Write down the opening date so that you do not forget it a few days later.

“看／瞧＋把＋人＋X得”：对状态发出感叹

An exclamation about someone's state

Conversational patterns such as 看把你忙得 and 瞧把他乐得 highlight someone's state or reaction. The person named is also the one who is busy or delighted. 看 or 瞧 draws attention to that state; the final 得 gives an exclamatory effect and may be followed by further details.

Exemples

  • 看把你忙得，刚放下托盘，又去拿碗了。Look how busy you are: you've only just put down the tray and you're already fetching bowls.
  • 瞧把他乐得，听说老朋友要来，笑得合不拢嘴。Look how delighted he is: hearing that an old friend is coming has left him grinning from ear to ear.

“一道”“一同”：共同做某事

Doing something together

一道 and 一同 can both precede a verb to indicate that people do something together. The people need not be repeated when already clear from context; 和, 与 or 跟 can introduce a companion.

Exemples

  • 我们约好一道去赏灯。We arranged to go and see the lanterns together.
  • 她和家人一同到亲戚家拜年。She went with her family to offer New Year greetings to relatives.

“犹如”：引出相似的形象

Introducing a comparison

犹如 means “like” or “as if” and is mainly used in writing. It connects the subject being described with another image to highlight a similarity.

Exemples

  • 诗中的竹犹如一个坚定的人，在风中站立。The bamboo in the poem is like a resolute person standing in the wind.
  • 远处的山峰犹如一道屏障，把小镇围在中间。The distant peaks resemble a barrier surrounding the small town.

Niveau 6 · Livre 2

“不料”：引出意外的结果

Introducing an unexpected result

不料 links events and introduces a result contrary to a character's expectation, especially in narrative. The preceding context should make the original plan or expectation understandable.

Exemples

  • 王子以为会听见威风的脚步声，不料桥下响起的却是一阵急促的小跑声。The prince thought he would hear impressive footsteps. To his surprise, a rapid patter of running feet came from beneath the bridge instead.

“好容易”“好不容易”：经过努力才实现

Finally achieving something with difficulty

好容易 and 好不容易 can both describe achieving something only after effort or waiting. In this use, 好容易 does not literally mean “very easy”; it is understood through a context of finally reaching an outcome.

Exemples

  • 我找了几家书店，好容易才买到这本书。After searching several bookshops, I finally managed to buy the book.
  • 我找了几家书店，好不容易才买到这本书。After searching several bookshops, I finally managed to buy the book.

“串”：计量相连的一组东西

Counting connected objects

As a measure word, 串 counts objects connected by thread or similar means, as well as things that naturally form clusters, such as grapes. Its use depends on the objects having a connected or clustered form.

Exemples

  • 盒子里放着一串珍珠。There is a string of pearls in the box.
  • 盘子里放着两串葡萄。There are two bunches of grapes on the plate.

“特意”：突出专门的安排

Highlighting a purposeful arrangement

特意 precedes a verb to emphasise that an action was specially undertaken for a purpose. The purpose may be stated directly or understood from context.

Exemples

  • 她特意准备了文字资料，方便工作人员介绍展品。She specially prepared written information to help staff introduce the exhibits.

“第……版”“第……次”：标明顺序

Indicating order

第 before a numeral indicates order. 第十二版 identifies an edition; 第三次印刷 identifies a printing. The expression should make clear what is being ordered.

Exemples

  • 这本书是第三版，今年又印了一次。This is the third edition of the book, and it has been printed again this year.
  • 他引用了第二版中的一段话，并记下了页码。He quoted a passage from the second edition and recorded the page number.

“卷”：文献的计量与分组

Volumes and groupings of documents

Read juàn, 卷 can serve as a measure word or identify a grouping of documents. Its precise scope depends on the title, catalogue and organisation of the material.

Exemples

  • 他借阅了两卷档案，分别记录不同时期的修建工作。He consulted two archival volumes documenting construction work from different periods.

“所＋动词＋的＋名词”：说明所指对象

Referring to the object of an action

所 before a verb can combine with 的 and a following noun to specify the object of an action, especially in writing. 所保存的记录 means the records that are preserved; the person or institution preserving them may be named beforehand.

Exemples

  • 馆里所保存的记录，为研究建筑历史提供了材料。The records preserved by the institution provide material for studying architectural history.

“到……为止”：标明终点

Marking an endpoint

到……为止 marks the endpoint of a period or range. In practical arrangements, the surrounding context clarifies the precise boundary.

Exemples

  • 到昨天为止，我们已经整理了两卷档案。As of yesterday, we had organised two archival volumes.

“卷”：读音与计量对象

Readings and what is counted

Read juǎn, 卷 can describe rolling something up or count rolled material. 一卷纸 refers to paper in a roll. In 两卷档案, 卷 is read juàn and counts documentary units. Connect the reading with the object being described.

Exemples

  • 柜子里有两卷包装纸。There are two rolls of wrapping paper in the cupboard.
  • 这些是馆里所保存的修复记录。These are the treatment records preserved by the institution.

“……时，……就／会……”：条件下的变化

Changes under a condition

时 can follow an action or state to identify when, or under what conditions, something happens. A following clause may use 就 or 会 to describe the corresponding change.

Exemples

  • 人多时，脚步就慢下来。When there are many people, walking slows down.
  • 路口恢复畅通时，后面的车辆也会逐渐通过。When the junction begins flowing freely again, the vehicles behind gradually move through too.

“限＋对象”：限定使用范围

Restricting use to a group

限 can be followed by the permitted group to specify who may use something, often in brief written notices.

Exemples

  • 本区域限工作人员进入。This area is for staff entry only.
  • 会议室限本校师生预约使用。The meeting room may be booked only by this school's teachers and students.

“东一A，西一A”：散在不同地方

Scattered in different places

Expressions such as 东一处，西一处 and 东一块，西一块 pair two directions to describe scattered things. 东 and 西 often refer broadly to different places, rather than exact directions on a map.

Exemples

  • 院子里的花东一丛，西一丛，沿着小路分布。Clumps of flowers are scattered here and there along the garden path.
  • 旧漆脱落了，墙上东一块西一块地露出了底色。The base colour shows through here and there on the wall where old paint has flaked off.

“超—”：超出一般规模

Beyond an ordinary scale

超— can precede certain expressions of degree or scale to indicate something beyond the ordinary range, as in 超大型, “ultra-large”. Its combinations follow established usage.

Exemples

  • 超大型船只需要与之匹配的泊位和装卸设施。Ultra-large ships need suitably matched berths and loading facilities.

“X了就X了，还有……”：接受事实后继续安排

Accepting a fact and considering what remains possible

Repeating an event that has already happened can express acceptance, followed by 还有…… to identify another possibility. Tone and what follows matter: the expression can reassure someone or sound unconcerned.

Exemples

  • 甲：我们没赶上这一班船。A: We missed this sailing.
  • 乙：错过了就错过了，还有下一班。我们先去确认时间吧。B: We've missed it, and that's that; there's another sailing. Let's check the time first.

“所＋动词”：指明相关对象

Identifying what an action concerns

所 can precede a verb and combine with 的 to modify a noun. The noun may also be omitted when the context makes it clear. This construction is common in written Chinese.

Exemples

  • 这一章所讨论的问题，是实体与空间怎样共同使器物发挥作用。The question discussed in this chapter is how solid material and space work together to enable use.
  • 作者所举的三个例子，都来自日常生活。The three examples given by the author all come from everyday life.

“‘有’与‘无’”：把表达当作讨论对象

Treating expressions as concepts

Here, the quoted expressions 有 and 无 name two concepts under discussion. They can precede phrases such as 的关系, “the relationship between”, and 的用处, “the usefulness of”. In this modern reading, 有 refers to solid material and 无 to the corresponding spaces left open.

Exemples

  • 车轮、陶器和房间帮助我们理解“有”与“无”的关系。Wheels, pottery vessels and rooms help us understand the relationship between “presence” and “absence”.

“用……表示……”：说明表示方式

Explaining how something is represented

用 introduces the form or means used, while 表示 introduces what it represents.

Exemples

  • 地球仪用线条表示经线和纬线。A globe uses lines to represent lines of longitude and latitude.
  • 地图用不同符号表示车站、公园和医院。A map uses different symbols to represent stations, parks and hospitals.

“按……划分……”：说明分类依据

Stating the basis for classification

按 introduces a classification criterion, and 划分 indicates grouping by that criterion. Categories may follow 划分为…… or be described separately afterwards.

Exemples

  • 按主要用途划分，地图可以分为交通地图、旅游地图等不同类别。Classified by their main purpose, maps include transport maps, tourist maps and other types.

“反—”：表示相反

Opposite or reverse

反— can precede certain words to express opposition or reversal, as in 反方向, “the opposite direction”, and 反作用, “an opposing effect or reaction”. Its combinations follow established usage.

Exemples

  • 这个模型的两个轮子向相反的方向转动，一个顺时针转，另一个沿反方向转。The two wheels in this model rotate in opposite directions: one turns clockwise, while the other turns in the reverse direction.

“扇”：计量门、窗等

Counting doors, windows and similar objects

扇 counts panel-like objects such as doors and windows, as well as screens.

Exemples

  • 走廊尽头有一扇门，门旁开着两扇窗。There is a door at the end of the corridor, with two windows beside it.

“把”字句与方向补语

Describing movement with 把 and directional complements

When describing a process, 把 introduces the object affected by an action. Directional complements such as 起来, 进去 and 出来 further indicate the direction or result of movement.

Exemples

  • 织机把一部分经线提起来，让纬线从空隙中穿过去。The loom lifts some warp threads so that the weft can pass through the opening.
  • 织工把织好的布卷起来，给后面的织造留出位置。The weaver rolls up the finished cloth to make room for further weaving.

“滴”：计量少量液体

Counting drops of liquid

As a measure word, 滴 comes between a number and the name of a liquid to count small drops. As a verb, it describes liquid falling in drops. The measure word itself does not specify a fixed number of millilitres.

Exemples

  • 叶尖上挂着一滴水。A drop of water hangs from the tip of a leaf.
  • 雨停了，屋檐还在滴水。The rain has stopped, but water is still dripping from the eaves.

“既……又……”：并列两种性质

Combining two properties

既……又…… combines two properties or circumstances that coexist. The two parts should have parallel grammatical structures.

Exemples

  • 铜既容易加工，又能够良好地传导电流。Copper is both easy to work and a good conductor of electricity.

“用于……”：说明用途

Stating a use

用于 can introduce a purpose, activity or field, indicating what a material or object is used for.

Exemples

  • 铜线用于传导电流，绝缘材料用于隔开线芯与外界。Copper wire is used to carry electric current, while insulating material is used to separate the core from its surroundings.

“多—”：表示多个或多种

More than one item or type

多— can precede certain nouns or related expressions to indicate more than one item or type, as in 多功能, “multifunctional”, and 多用途, “multipurpose”.

Exemples

  • 这种多功能外壳既能保护电路板，又能配合风扇散热。This multifunctional case both protects the circuit board and accommodates cooling by a fan.

“—化”：成为或使成为

Expressing a change in state or quality

—化 can follow certain words to indicate becoming something or giving something a particular quality, as in 标准化, “standardisation”, and 数字化, “digitisation”.

Exemples

  • 接口标准化以后，配套部件更容易按统一要求设计。Once interfaces are standardised, matching components are easier to design to common requirements.

“—型”：表示类型或规格

Indicating a type or size

—型 can follow certain words to indicate a type, characteristic or size, as in 小型, “small-sized”, and 节能型, “energy-efficient”.

Exemples

  • 小型设备内部空间有限，部件的位置需要紧凑安排。Small devices have limited internal space, so their components need a compact layout.

“东一……，西一……”：说明分散状态

Describing a scattered arrangement

The paired expressions can describe objects or actions scattered across different places. 东 and 西 do not necessarily indicate literal east and west.

Exemples

  • 材料东一堆、西一堆地放着，工人搬运时就要多走几趟。With materials scattered in piles here and there, workers have to make more trips to move them.

“凡是……，都……”：范围内的全部情况

Every case within a stated scope

凡是 establishes a scope or condition, and 都 indicates that the same statement applies to every case within it. The condition in the first clause defines the set of cases covered by 都.

Exemples

  • 凡是已经取得顾客确认的新增项目，都要在维修记录中注明。Every additional item of work confirmed by the customer must be noted in the repair record.

“除非……才……”：强调必要的确认

Emphasising necessary confirmation

除非A，才B presents A as a necessary condition for B. Other arrangements may still be required after that condition is met.

Exemples

  • 除非顾客确认新增费用，服务方才会把这个项目加入维修安排。The service provider will only add this item to the repair plan if the customer confirms the additional cost.

“除……以外”：排除特定对象

Excluding a particular item

As a preposition, 除 can introduce something excluded from the statement that follows. Expressions such as 其余 and 其他 make this exclusion particularly clear.

Exemples

  • 除这一页以外，其余页面都已经核对过了。All pages except this one have already been checked.

“准—”：接近或预期进入某种身份

Approaching a status

准— can precede certain status terms to indicate someone approaching or expected to enter that status. Its meaning depends on context.

Exemples

  • 几位准教师正在参加岗前培训，准备新学期到学校任教。Several teachers-to-be are taking pre-service training before starting work in schools in the new term.

“由……负责”：指明承担者

Identifying who takes responsibility

由 introduces the person or team taking responsibility, while 负责 identifies the work. The task can come first or follow 负责.

Exemples

  • 会议资料由项目助理负责整理。The project assistant is responsible for organising the meeting documents.
  • 这次活动由教育团队负责。The education team is responsible for this activity.

“对……负责”：说明责任对象

Stating to whom or for what someone is responsible

对 can introduce a person, a task or an outcome. Depending on context, the expression indicates accountability to someone or responsibility for the quality of work.

Exemples

  • 项目负责人对整个活动的安排负责。The project leader is responsible for the arrangements for the whole activity.
  • 助理对所整理资料的准确性负责。The assistant is responsible for the accuracy of the information they organise.

“—化”：把变化落实到工作中

Applying —化 to a concrete process

数字化 means converting relevant content into digital form. A project description can further identify what is converted, what work is undertaken and what results are produced.

Exemples

  • 藏品资料数字化以后，研究人员可以借助数据库检索相关记录。Once collection information is digitised, researchers can search the relevant records through a database.
  • 拍摄、整理和核验，是这个数字化项目中互相联系的工作。Photography, organisation and verification are connected tasks in this digitisation project.

“由……组成”：说明成员或构成

Describing membership or composition

由 introduces the members or parts that together form a whole, and 组成 expresses that composition.

Exemples

  • 这个服务小组由引导员、物资管理员和联络员组成。This service group consists of guides, supply coordinators and liaison staff.

“分别、各自”：对应不同对象

Matching different people or tasks

分别 can link different people or objects with different arrangements; 各自 emphasises each person's or team's own task or arrangement.

Exemples

  • 三个小组分别负责起点、沿线和终点服务，各自按照安排到岗。The three groups are responsible for services at the start, along the course and at the finish respectively, each reporting to its assigned post.

“依旧”：延续先前状态

A state continuing as before

As an adverb, 依旧 indicates that a state or circumstance remains as before. The context should provide an earlier situation for comparison.

Exemples

  • 夜晚开始时有人监看，到了凌晨，控制台前依旧有人值守。Someone was monitoring when the night began, and the console was still attended in the early morning.
  • 人员换了，数据记录的要求依旧严格。The personnel have changed, but the requirements for data records remain strict.

1. 被动句：突出处理的对象

Passive sentences: highlighting what is processed

When explaining a process, the object being processed can come first, followed by 被 and a verb. The person carrying out the action may be omitted when unnecessary. Passive sentences can describe neutral, routine actions.

Exemples

  • 长卷被分段拍摄，每段图像记录一部分内容。The long scroll is photographed in sections, each image recording part of its contents.
  • 这些图像经过检查后，被发布到项目网站上。After being checked, these images are published on the project website.

2. 为了……：说明目的

Expressing purpose with 为了

为了 followed by a purpose can appear at the start of a sentence or after the subject; the rest of the sentence describes the action taken to achieve it. In the text, 为此 refers back to a need or goal already stated, without repeating it in full.

Exemples

  • 为了看清细小的文字，研究者放大了数字图像。To see the small writing clearly, the researcher enlarged the digital image.
  • 研究者需要比较分藏各地的文献。为此，项目提供在线查阅服务。Researchers need to compare documents held in different locations. To this end, the project provides online access.

……，以便……：在行动后说明目的

Expressing purpose after an action with 以便

以便 connects an action or arrangement with its purpose. It is common in explanations, notices and work arrangements. What follows usually describes a desired benefit or favourable condition; this is the purpose of the action, not a claim that the result has already been achieved.

Exemples

  • 请提前整理好资料，以便大家开会时查阅。Please organise the materials in advance so that everyone can consult them during the meeting.
  • 设计人员标明了各部分的尺寸，以便施工人员核对。The designers marked the dimensions of each part so that the construction team could check them.
  • “为了”可以把目的放在句首：“为了方便查阅，请提前整理好资料。”用“以便”时，通常先说明行动，再说明目的。为了 can place the purpose at the beginning: “To make consultation easier, please organise the materials in advance.” With 以便, the action usually comes first and the purpose follows.

1. 恰好：时间或情况正合适 恰好:

a fitting coincidence in time or circumstances

恰好 indicates that the timing, quantity or other circumstances happen to match. It can modify an action or appear before an expression of a state.

Exemples

  • 我去送作品时，她恰好也在展厅。When I went to deliver my work, she happened to be in the gallery too.
  • 桌子的长度恰好够摆六张照片。The table was just long enough to hold six photographs.

2. 倒是：与原先的预期形成对照 倒是:

contrasting with an earlier expectation

倒是 can introduce a situation that differs from an earlier expectation. In the text, the narrator intended to explain his photographic methods, while the other person first asked about people on the street. 倒是 often conveys the speaker's observation or assessment, and its meaning depends on the preceding context.

Exemples

  • 我以为朋友会问照片怎么拍的，他倒是想知道那家店还开不开。I thought my friend would ask how the photograph was taken, but he wanted to know whether that shop was still open.

3. 总算：经过等待或努力，事情终于发生 总算:

something finally happens after waiting or effort

总算 often shows that something hoped for finally happens after a period of waiting or effort, frequently conveying satisfaction or relief.

Exemples

  • 我们试了几种摆放方式，总算把六张照片都挂好了。We tried several arrangements and finally got all six photographs hung.
  • 等了一周，我们总算收到了场地使用的回复。After waiting a week, we finally received a reply about using the venue.

—型：按特点或用途说明类型 —型:

describing a type by its features or intended use

—型 can follow an expression of a feature or function to form a word denoting a type. In the text, 便携型 emphasises portability, while 桌面型 indicates use mainly on a desk. The precise categories depend on the product description.

Exemples

  • 店里有便携型阅读灯，也有适合固定位置使用的台灯。The shop has portable reading lights as well as lamps suited to a fixed position.
  • 这款桌面型设备放在服务台上，供工作人员日常使用。This desktop device sits on the service counter for staff to use in their daily work.

大都：表示一个范围内的多数 大都:

describing most of a group

大都 is an adverb meaning “mostly” or “for the most part” within a specified group. It appears before the predicate and does not mean “all.” A following clause may describe the minority that differs.

Exemples

  • 春季上架的衣服大都适合天气转暖后穿着。Most clothes put on sale in spring are suitable for warmer weather.
  • 这批外套大都已经售出，还有少量大号的留在店里。Most of these coats have been sold, with a small number of large sizes still in the shop.
  • “凡是……都……”把所说条件范围内的对象全部包括在内；“大都”只说明多数。补充学习中的“一律”强调采用相同的处理方式。凡是…都… includes every item meeting the stated condition, whereas 大都 describes the majority. 一律 in the supplementary sentence emphasises applying the same treatment to all items concerned.

要么……，要么……：列出可选择的做法 要么…，要么…:

presenting alternatives

要么 A，要么 B presents two alternative situations or actions, usually indicating that one is to be chosen. The two parts should have parallel structures. The text first states that the discount and voucher are alternatives, then uses this pattern to express the choice.

Exemples

  • 顾客要么直接按八成付款，要么使用这张券。Customers can either pay eight tenths of the price directly or use the voucher.
  • 我们要么在店里吃，要么买好带走。We can either eat in the shop or buy the food to take away.

1. 从……流向……：说明资金的起点与去向 从…流向…:

describing where funds come from and go

从 introduces a starting point, and 流向 introduces a destination. When describing funds, households or businesses can be the starting point or destination, showing payments between them.

Exemples

  • 工资从企业流向家庭，购物付款从家庭流向企业。Wages flow from businesses to households, while shopping payments flow from households to businesses.

2. 通过……：说明途径或方式 通过…:

describing a channel or means

通过 can be followed by a channel, an institution or an action to explain how something is achieved.

Exemples

  • 员工通过银行账户领取工资。Employees receive their wages through bank accounts.
  • 企业通过销售商品取得收入。Businesses earn revenue by selling goods.

X归X，Y归Y：把不同的事情分别对待

X归X，Y归Y: treating different matters separately

This pattern presents two matters separately, indicating that each has its own nature, scope or way of being handled. Each part repeats the same expression: X归X parallels Y归Y, and a following clause may explain how the matters are treated separately.

Exemples

  • 工资归工资，借款归借款，这两笔钱在记录中分别列出。Wages are one thing and borrowed money another; the two amounts are listed separately in the records.
  • 生活费归生活费，学费归学费，我们把这两类支出分开记录。Living expenses and tuition fees are separate categories; we record them separately.

Niveau 6 · Livre 3

X到Y头上来了：事情落到某人身上

X到Y头上来了: something comes to affect a particular person

头上 is figurative in this pattern: someone becomes responsible for or affected by something. Verbs such as 落 or 轮 often precede it to describe a responsibility, task or difficulty reaching that person, frequently with an emotional tone.

Exemples

  • 以前听别人说收款难，如今这样的困难也落到我们头上来了。We used to hear others talk about the difficulty of collecting payments; now that difficulty has come to affect us too.
  • 这次组织活动的任务轮到我头上来了，我已经开始联系场地。This time the task of organising the event has fallen to me, and I have already started contacting venues.

未必：表示并非必然 未必:

expressing “not necessarily”

未必 appears before the predicate and means that a statement is not necessarily true. It leaves other possibilities open rather than asserting the opposite result.

Exemples

  • 过去表现较好的产品，未来未必继续有同样的表现。A product that performed well in the past will not necessarily perform in the same way in the future.
  • 同一份资料，不同读者未必得出相同的判断。Different readers will not necessarily reach the same judgment from the same information.
  • “未必增加”表示可能增加，也可能没有增加；“一定不增加”则明确排除了增加的可能。未必增加 leaves open both an increase and no increase, whereas 一定不增加 explicitly rules out an increase.

1. 被字句：分清动作与对象

Passive sentences: identifying an action and its recipient

A passive sentence places the person or thing affected by an action first. When reporting judicial information, the following verb and its complements indicate the recipient's status.

Exemples

  • “被指控”说明面对指控；“被判有罪”说明法院作出了有罪判决。“Being accused” describes facing an accusation; “being found guilty” indicates a court judgment of guilt.

2. 引述：保留说话人与信息来源

Quotation: retaining the speaker and source

Expressions such as “someone says” or “the document states” can introduce a quotation. The actor, conditions and procedural status in the original must be retained when reporting it.

Exemples

  • 法律规定：“审判由人民法院负责。”这里引述了法律原文。The law states, “Trials are the responsibility of the people’s courts.” This quotes the wording of the law.

因：引出原因 因:

introducing a cause

因 can precede a noun or phrase to introduce a cause and is common in written explanations. 因该行为取得的财产 means property obtained as a result of the act concerned.

Exemples

  • 因设备检修，活动延期一天。Because of equipment maintenance, the event is postponed for one day.
  • 因场地有限，主办方安排参观者分批入场。Because space is limited, the organisers arrange for visitors to enter in groups.
  • “因”与“为了”表达的关系不同：“因设备检修”说明原因，“为了方便参观”说明目的。因 and 为了 express different relationships: 因设备检修 gives a cause, while 为了方便参观 gives a purpose.

1. 被字句：说明资料受到怎样的处理

Passive sentences: describing how records are processed

When describing data processing, the information being processed can come first, followed by 被 and a verb. Whether the person carrying out the action needs to be stated depends on the intended message.

Exemples

  • 姓名被换成编号以后，记录中保留了参加日期和课程选择。After names are replaced by numbers, the records retain attendance dates and course choices.

2. 与……对应：说明两者之间的联系 与…对应:

describing a correspondence

A与B对应 indicates a correspondence between two things. Here, 对应 refers to the retained link between a number and the person concerned.

Exemples

  • 另行保存的信息说明，每个编号与哪位参加者对应。The separately held information shows which participant each number corresponds to.

一再：表示动作重复发生 一再:

indicating repeated actions

一再 appears before a verb to indicate that the same action occurs several times. It often describes repeated statements, requests or reminders without specifying an exact count.

Exemples

  • 他一再表示自己不愿参加这项活动。He repeatedly states that he does not wish to take part in the activity.
  • 工作人员一再提醒观众，拍照前先留意展厅的相关说明。Staff repeatedly remind visitors to check the gallery's instructions before taking photographs.
  • “他表示不愿参加”只说明表达的内容；加入“一再”，还说明他多次表达了同样的意思。“He states that he does not wish to participate” gives only the content of the statement; adding 一再 also indicates that he has expressed it several times.

1. 据……：引出转述来源 据…:

introducing a reported source

据 can introduce the source of information or a statement and is common in reports and written explanations. What follows should reflect what that source says.

Exemples

  • 据警方提示，相关消息可以通过官方渠道核实。According to the police warning, relevant messages can be verified through official channels.

2. 根据……：说明判断或行动的依据 根据…:

giving grounds for a judgment or action

根据 can be followed by facts, information or rules to show the grounds for a judgment or action.

Exemples

  • 根据物品的颜色、大小和其他特征，他认为这只包可能是自己的。Judging from the item's colour, size and other features, he thinks the bag may be his.

目的与条件

Purpose and conditions

“为了…” states the purpose of an action. “如果…就…” states a condition under which a result follows. When describing service design, these structures explain why something is done and under what conditions it produces a particular result.

Exemples

  • 为了让使用者知道每一栏要填什么，表单为输入框设置了清楚的标签。To help users understand what belongs in each field, the form provides clear labels for its input boxes.
  • 如果标签与输入框正确关联，读屏工具就能提供对应的名称。If a label is correctly associated with an input box, a screen reader can provide the corresponding name.
  • 如果使用者需要当面询问，也可以到人工窗口求助。If users need to ask questions in person, they can also seek help at a staffed counter.

数量比较与“用于……”

Comparing quantities and using “用于…”

When comparing costs, make clear which item and time period are being compared. “用于…” explains the purpose of funds or goods and can be followed by a noun or verb phrase.

Exemples

  • 本月的送餐费用比上月多，因为需要送餐的人增加了。Delivery costs are higher this month than last month because more people need meals delivered.
  • 这笔资金用于支付厨房工作人员的工资。These funds are used to pay the kitchen staff’s wages.
  • 捐赠的桌椅用于社区活动，方便居民一起读书、下棋。The donated tables and chairs are used for community activities, making it easier for residents to read and play board games together.

“由……”与“向……”

“由…” and “向…”

“由…” can introduce who carries out an action or how a result is produced. “向…” introduces the recipient of a statement or explanation. They answer different questions: “by whom or how” and “to whom.”

Exemples

  • 委员会成员由业主按照相应程序选举产生。Committee members are elected by property owners under the applicable procedures.
  • 这份公告由承办单位发布。This notice is issued by the unit responsible for the matter.
  • 工作人员向参加者说明提交意见的方式。Staff explain to participants how to submit their views.

“于”：引出时间

“于”: Introducing a time

In written Chinese, “于” can introduce the time of an event. It often appears in news reports and notices. The time phrase can precede the verb, as in “于某日发布.”

Exemples

  • 商务部于2024年6月13日发布了这则消息。The Ministry of Commerce published this report on June 13, 2024.
  • 展览将于下周一开幕。The exhibition will open next Monday.

“虽……也……”：承认前项，后项仍成立

“虽…也…”: A result holds despite the first clause

“虽” is a concise form used in written Chinese. “虽…也…” acknowledges the first circumstance while showing that the second still holds. “但” can also mark the contrast in this type of sentence; “也” emphasizes that the second circumstance remains possible or true.

Exemples

  • 短消息虽篇幅有限，也能留下清楚的信息线索。Although short reports have limited space, they can still provide clear information.
  • 双方虽相隔很远，也能通过通话交流意见。Although the two sides are far apart, they can still exchange views by telephone.

被动句与“引起、引发”

Passive sentences and “引起、引发”

Passive sentences can emphasize how content is handled or circulated. “引起、引发” link an event to the response it produces. Make clear whether the response is attention, discussion, or another change.

Exemples

  • 稿件被安排在评论版的一栏中。The article was placed in a column on the commentary page.
  • 这段介绍引起了读者对动物生活环境的关注。This introduction drew readers’ attention to animals’ living environments.
  • 同一个话题可能引发不同的讨论，有人关心旅行体验，有人关心自然教育。The same topic may prompt different discussions: some people focus on the visitor experience, while others focus on nature education.

“所……”：指称相关内容

“所…”: Referring to relevant content

“所” can precede a verb or verb phrase in a structure with “的,” referring to the people or things involved in that action. In descriptions of documents, the preceding context helps identify the reference.

Exemples

  • 用户可以继续阅读所找到的资料。Users can continue reading the material they have found.
  • 查询范围局限于资料库所收录的材料。The search is limited to the material included in the collection.
  • 请把所需文字粘贴到笔记中，并记下出处。Please paste the text you need into your notes and record its source.

“超—”：技术场景中的组合

“超—”: Combinations in technical contexts

“超—” can combine with expressions of size or clarity to indicate a level beyond the ordinary. Its meaning depends on what is being described.

Exemples

  • 超大文件需要占用更多存储空间，传输时也需要考虑网络条件。Extra-large files require more storage space, and network conditions also need to be considered when transmitting them.
  • 这台设备能够显示超高清图像，画面细节很丰富。This device can display ultra-high-definition images with rich visual detail.

“你一句，我一句”：配对的动作

“你一句，我一句”: Paired actions

“A一 + measure word, B一 + measure word” presents actions by different participants as a pair. “你一句，我一句” describes people taking turns speaking; the surrounding context makes the action clear.

Exemples

  • 两位创作者你一句，我一句，谈起了鲤鱼跃起时的模样。The two creators took turns talking about how the carp would look as it leaped.
  • 大家你一笔，我一笔，把各自的想法画在同一张纸上。Everyone took turns drawing their ideas on the same sheet of paper.

“—化”：说明处理方式的变化

“—化”: Describing a change in how work is done

“自动化” describes work that devices or software can perform automatically according to rules. In “自动化处理,” it describes the way processing is carried out.

Exemples

  • 这些自动化处理，让设备按规则确认接收并补发缺少的数据。This automated processing allows devices to acknowledge receipt and resend missing data according to rules.
  • 资料数字化以后，可以通过网络传送给远处的同伴。Once documents are digitized, they can be sent over a network to colleagues far away.

“较为”：书面语中的程度表达

“较为”: Degree in written language

“较为” commonly appears in written language before adjectives and similar expressions. It indicates a degree with a measured tone. It does not necessarily specify a particular comparison; when comparing two datasets, the context can make that comparison clear.

Exemples

  • 训练资料包含多种组合，能提供较为丰富的例子。Training data with varied combinations can provide a reasonably rich set of examples.
  • 与只包含一种来源的资料相比，这组资料的来源较为多样。Compared with data from a single source, this dataset has a relatively diverse range of sources.

“虽……但……”与“虽……也……”

“虽…但…” and “虽…也…”

When describing what material contributes, “虽…但…” can acknowledge one contribution and then introduce another circumstance to consider. “虽…也…” can acknowledge a limitation while emphasizing that a contribution still holds.

Exemples

  • 重现虽能帮助理解，但画面是在后来制作的。Although a re-creation can aid understanding, its images are produced later.
  • 一句话虽短，也能把现场与历史联系起来。Although a sentence is short, it can still connect the scene with history.

“……以后……”与感受的变化

“...以后…” and changes in sensation

“...以后…” places the following situation after an event. It can connect an activity with the experience that follows, while “觉得、感到” identify a person’s sensation.

Exemples

  • 读完资料以后，我才发现肩膀有点酸。Only after finishing the material did I notice that my shoulders ached a little.
  • 走动以后，她觉得身体轻松了一些。After moving around, she felt a little more relaxed physically.
  • 休息以后，他感到精神好了一点，做事也更有劲。After a break, he felt a little more refreshed and had more energy for his tasks.

“有的……有的……”：同一群体中的不同情况

“有的…有的…”: Differences within a group

“有的…有的…” introduces different situations within a group. The preceding context identifies the group, and the following clauses describe the differences.

Exemples

  • 孩子的发展各有节奏：有的较早学会走路，有的较早说出词语。Children develop at different paces: some learn to walk earlier, while others begin using words earlier.
  • 老人们各有自己的生活：有的经常外出活动，有的喜欢在家读书。Older people have different lives: some go out frequently, while others enjoy reading at home.

“枝”与“串”

“枝” and “串”

“枝” can mean a tree branch or serve as a measure word for flowers with a stem or branch. “串” emphasizes several objects linked together. The choice relates to the object’s form.

Exemples

  • 花瓶里插着一枝梅花，枝上开了几朵白花。A mume branch stands in the vase, with several white blossoms on it.
  • 窗边挂着一串花形小灯，夜里亮起来很好看。A string of flower-shaped lights hangs by the window and looks lovely when lit at night.

“结、结果”：植物长出果实

“结、结果”: Bearing fruit

Here, “结” and “结果” are verbs referring to a plant bearing fruit. Both “结出果实” and “这棵树结果了” describe fruit formation; their pronunciations appear in the vocabulary list.

Exemples

  • 这棵梅树开花以后，枝上渐渐结出了果实。After this mume tree flowered, fruit gradually developed on its branches.

“从……到……”：连接地点与阶段

“从…到…”: Connecting places and stages

“从…到…” can indicate a starting point and destination in space or connect stages of a process. When describing the origins of agricultural products, it can express changes of location or stages of production.

Exemples

  • 农产品从产地运到市场，还需要安排运输与储存。Agricultural products need transport and storage arrangements on their journey from their place of production to market.
  • 从播种到收获，作物经历了不同的生长阶段。From sowing to harvest, crops pass through different stages of growth.
  • 这两块田的土壤不同，管理时需要分别考虑各自的条件。The soil differs between these two fields, so their respective conditions need to be considered in management.

因果与被动：说明作用及结果

Cause and effect and the passive: Explaining actions and results

Cause-and-effect sentences can explain the conditions or reasons for a biological activity. Passive sentences can emphasize what an action affects. In scientific descriptions, expressions such as “有些” and “可能” preserve the appropriate scope of a statement.

Exemples

  • 因为病毒需要利用细胞中的机制，所以它的复制离不开合适的细胞。Because a virus uses machinery inside cells, it depends on suitable cells to replicate.
  • 有些细菌被免疫细胞吞入后，会被消灭。Some bacteria are destroyed after being engulfed by immune cells.
  • 皮肤形成一道屏障，因此能阻挡许多外来物进入身体。Skin forms a barrier and thus blocks many things from entering the body.

先后关系与被字句

Sequencing and passive sentences

“先…再…” highlights the sequence of a process. Passive sentences can place the thing affected at the beginning and describe the changes it undergoes.

Exemples

  • 食物先在口腔中被咀嚼，再随着吞咽进入食管。Food is first chewed in the mouth and then passes into the oesophagus as it is swallowed.
  • 蛋白质在消化过程中被分解成更小的单位。Protein is broken down into smaller units during digestion.
  • 营养物质被吸收以后，还需要被运送到身体的不同部位。After being absorbed, nutrients still need to be transported to different parts of the body.

“不时”：间歇发生的动作

“不时”: Actions recurring from time to time

Placed before a verb or verb phrase, “不时” describes an action that recurs intermittently, usually without a fixed interval. It does not mean that the action continues without a break.

Exemples

  • 观察者不时抬头，留意湖面上的动静。The observer looked up from time to time, watching for activity on the lake.
  • 整理记录时，他们不时讨论某一条资料。While organizing the records, they discussed particular entries from time to time.
  • 远处不时传来鸟叫声。Bird calls could be heard in the distance from time to time.

方向与处所：连接流动的路径

Direction and location: Connecting stages of a route

Expressions such as “从…回到…,” “进入…” and “被送往…” indicate a starting point, a place entered and a destination. In a connected explanation, the object and direction at each stage should be clear.

Exemples

  • 血液从身体各处回到心脏，再被送往肺。Blood returns to the heart from around the body and is then sent to the lungs.
  • 血液在肺中获得氧气，随后回到心脏。Blood gains oxygen in the lungs and then returns to the heart.
  • 心脏把血液泵入血管，血液沿着血管流向身体的不同部位。The heart pumps blood into blood vessels, through which it flows to different parts of the body.

“而”“则”：连接比较

“而” and “则”: Linking comparisons

In comparisons, “而” can link contrasting situations. “则” often follows the subject of the second clause to highlight that subject’s situation. This comparative use of “则” is relatively formal.

Exemples

  • 鲨鱼通过鳃获取水中的氧气，而中华草龟用肺吸入空气。Sharks obtain oxygen from water through their gills, whereas Reeves’ turtles breathe air into their lungs.
  • 水沿一个方向流过交换表面，血液则沿相反的方向流动。Water passes over the exchange surfaces in one direction, while blood flows in the opposite direction.
  • 氧气从环境进入身体，二氧化碳则由身体排向环境。Oxygen enters the body from the environment, while carbon dioxide leaves the body for the environment.

“通过……传递……”：说明方式

“通过…传递…”: Explaining the means of communication

“通过” can introduce the means or medium of communication. “传递” is followed by the information conveyed, and “向…” can identify the receiver. A conditional clause can specify when a signal functions.

Exemples

  • 黑毛蚁通过化学踪迹向同巢成员传递信息。Black garden ants convey information to nestmates through chemical trails.
  • 西方蜜蜂通过摆动舞传递与食物方向和距离有关的信息。Western honey bees convey information about a food source’s direction and distance through waggle dances.
  • 如果其他蚂蚁感知到这条踪迹，就可能沿着它寻找食物。If other ants detect the trail, they may follow it to find food.

“赶忙”：迅速回应情况

“赶忙”: Responding quickly to a situation

“赶忙” usually precedes a verb and indicates acting quickly because a situation is urgent or needs a prompt response. It often connects an action with something just noticed.

Exemples

  • 发现联络设备出了问题，他赶忙通知负责人。Noticing a problem with the communication equipment, he quickly informed the person in charge.
  • 服务地点临时变了，工作人员赶忙更新入口处的说明。The service location changed at short notice, and staff promptly updated the notice at the entrance.
  • 听说同事找不到集合地点，她赶忙把地址发了过去。Hearing that a colleague could not find the meeting point, she quickly sent the address.

时间与变化：把感受说具体

Time and change: Describing sensations specifically

“从…开始” can identify when a sensation began. Expressions such as “一直,” “后来” and “今天” connect its duration or subsequent changes. Location, timing and changes can be described in related sentences.

Exemples

  • 我的手背从昨晚开始痒，今天有点肿了。The back of my hand began itching last night, and it is a little swollen today.
  • 我昨天感到恶心，今天早上吐了一次。I felt nauseous yesterday and vomited once this morning.
  • 这几天一直不舒服，今天早上的症状比昨天重一些。I have felt unwell for the past few days, and the symptoms were a little worse this morning than yesterday.

“除非……否则／不然……”：必要条件

“除非…否则／不然…”: A necessary condition

“除非” introduces a necessary condition. “否则” or “不然” states what follows if that condition is not met. “不然” is more common in speech. The consequence may contain a negative expression such as “不能” or “无法,” or describe what will happen.

Exemples

  • 除非天气好转，否则这次户外演出只能延期。Unless the weather improves, this outdoor performance will have to be postponed.
  • 除非会议时间改变，不然我明天下午不能参加参观。Unless the meeting time changes, I cannot join the visit tomorrow afternoon.
  • 除非大家都同意，否则我们不会改变原来的计划。Unless everyone agrees, we will not change the original plan.

“除”：说明范围

“除”: Specifying a scope

“除…外” can set one part aside before describing the remainder of a scope.

Exemples

  • 除周一外，这家展馆每天都开放。This exhibition venue opens every day except Monday.

Niveau 6 · Livre 4

“即便……也……”：条件下仍然成立

“即便…也…”: Remaining true under a condition

“即便” is similar to “即使.” It introduces a condition, while “也” marks what remains true under that condition. Words such as “可能” can preserve uncertainty about the result.

Exemples

  • 即便空气温度相近，不同活动带来的热负荷也可能不同。Even at similar air temperatures, different activities may create different heat loads.
  • 即便在同一座公园里，不同地点的遮阳条件也有差别。Even within the same park, shade conditions differ between locations.
  • 即便平时身体强壮，也需要了解高温环境中的工作条件。Even someone who is normally physically strong needs to understand working conditions in hot environments.

非生物主语的把字句 把

sentences with non-living subjects

The subject of a 把 sentence can be something non-living, such as wind, rain or sunlight, when describing the change it causes to an object. The verb is normally followed by a result, direction or other relevant information.

Exemples

  • 阵雨把树叶淋湿了。The shower wetted the leaves.
  • 风把树叶吹动了。The wind set the leaves moving.
  • 阳光把窗边的地面照亮了。Sunlight lit up the floor beside the window.

“一时……一时……”：交替出现的情况

“一时…一时…”: Alternating conditions

“一时…一时…” connects actions or states alternating over a period, with a meaning close to “一会儿…一会儿….” The clauses usually concern the same subject or situation.

Exemples

  • 云层不断移动，天色一时明亮，一时阴暗。As clouds keep moving, the sky alternates between bright and dark.
  • 风吹过树梢，叶子一时向左摆，一时向右摆。As wind blows through the treetops, the leaves sway alternately left and right.
  • 远处的山峰一时露出来，一时又藏在云里。The distant peaks alternately emerge and disappear into the clouds.

“再三”：反复发生

“再三”: Repetition

“再三” precedes a verb and indicates repetition, often emphasizing care, deliberation or insistence. It does not usually mean exactly three times.

Exemples

  • 他再三确认时间，才把行程定下来。He checked the time repeatedly before finalizing his schedule.
  • 经过再三考虑，她决定先了解不同服务的安排。After careful, repeated consideration, she decided to learn about the arrangements for different services first.
  • 接待人员再三说明，活动报名与个别咨询预约是不同的安排。Reception staff explained repeatedly that activity registration and individual counselling appointments are separate arrangements.

目的与程度：说明设计选择

Purpose and degree: Explaining design choices

“为了…” can introduce the purpose of a design. “极为” precedes an adjective or a similar expression to emphasize a high degree. “恰恰” can highlight the particular thing or circumstance that matters.

Exemples

  • 为了让演员活动方便，制作人员选择了轻便的材料。To allow the actor to move comfortably, the makers chose light materials.
  • 服装与动作之间的配合极为重要。Coordination between costume and movement is extremely important.
  • 让观众注意到角色变化的，恰恰是衣领上的一个细节。It was precisely a detail on the collar that drew the audience’s attention to a change in the character.

时间与依据：连接研究材料

Time and evidence: Connecting research material

Expressions such as “返回…后” and “后来” link stages in time. “根据…” introduces the basis for a judgment, while “结合…” brings related information together. Time expressions also distinguish historical research from later explanations.

Exemples

  • 返回英国后，达尔文继续整理航海时采集的材料。After returning to Britain, Darwin continued organizing material collected on the voyage.
  • 研究人员根据标本的形态，结合相关记录，分析它们之间的联系。Researchers analyse relationships between specimens based on their forms and in conjunction with relevant records.
  • 后来，人们又用新的研究方法认识这些标本。Later, people used new research methods to understand these specimens.

1. “—性”：构成表示性质的词

“—性”: Forming words for qualities

“—性” can be added to certain words to form nouns denoting qualities. For example, “可靠” means reliable, while “可靠性” refers to reliability. Established usage determines these combinations, so learn the resulting words as units.

Exemples

  • 完整的记录有助于提高结果的可靠性。Complete records help improve the reliability of the results.
  • 这项活动的趣味性吸引了不少学生。The enjoyable nature of this activity attracted many students.

2. “未必”：保留其他可能

“未必”: Leaving room for other possibilities

“未必” indicates that something is not necessarily true. In the text, “未必已经死亡” leaves open the possibility that a seed is still viable; it does not establish that the seed is healthy.

Exemples

  • 这粒种子未必已经死亡，研究人员还要检查它的内部状态。This seed may not be dead; the researchers still need to examine its internal condition.

1. “较为”：比较中的程度

“较为”: Degree in a comparison

“较为” commonly appears in written language before an adjective to indicate a relative degree. In the comparison in the text, “较为集中” describes how closely the values in the first set are grouped.

Exemples

  • 与第二组相比，第一组的通勤时间较为集中。Compared with the second set, the commuting times in the first are relatively concentrated.

2. “不……不……，一……才……”：比较后的发现

A discovery through comparison

Repeating the same action links something previously unnoticed with a discovery made through that action. “不比较不知道，一比较才发现” emphasizes what comparison reveals.

Exemples

  • 不比较不知道，一比较才发现：这两组数虽然平均数相同，分布却不同。Only by comparing the two sets do we discover that they have the same mean but different distributions.

“的”字结构：说明所属范围

“的” phrases: Specifying the area concerned

Adding “的” after a place name specifies the area to which something belongs. Expanding the description through successive levels makes the reference clearer.

Exemples

  • 维多利亚州是澳大利亚的一个州。Victoria is a state of Australia.
  • 这个州的城市有各自的发展经历。The cities in this state have their own histories of development.
  • 我们正在阅读这座城市的饮食文化介绍。We are reading an introduction to this city’s food culture.

“过去……后来……”：连接认识的发展

“过去…后来…”: Linking stages of understanding

“过去” identifies an earlier stage, while “后来” introduces subsequent developments. Different evidence or ideas can connect the stages and show how research progressed.

Exemples

  • 过去，人们从大陆的形状和化石寻找联系；后来，海底记录提供了新的研究材料。Earlier, researchers sought connections in continental shapes and fossils; later, ocean-floor records provided new material for investigation.
  • 后来形成的板块理论，把大陆和海底的变化联系起来。The theory of plate tectonics, developed later, connected changes in continents and the ocean floor.

时间与处所：说明观察的层次

Time and place: Locating observations

“进入…后” and “走出…时” connect observations with actions. “上方”, “台边” and “从…向…” specify positions or directions. “后来” introduces a later period, keeping accounts from different times distinct.

Exemples

  • 进入上洞后，他先记下上方与下方的形态。After entering the upper cave, he first recorded the forms above and below.
  • 水流从洞北绕过，又向南流入洞中。The water flowed around from the north of the cave and then southwards into it.
  • 后来，研究人员用测绘记录洞穴的空间关系。Later, researchers used surveys to record the cave’s spatial relationships.

“亚—”：自然分区中的构词

“亚—”: Word formation in natural zones

“亚—” occurs in certain words naming regions or categories. “亚热带” refers to a climatic region near the tropics with transitional characteristics; “亚寒带” names a region near the cold zone. Learn these as established terms; their precise scope depends on the classification used.

Exemples

  • 这篇文章比较了亚热带与亚寒带地区的植物。The article compares plants in subtropical and subarctic regions.
  • 研究人员把海拔与气候资料结合起来，说明当地植被的特点。Researchers combine elevation and climate information to explain the characteristics of local vegetation.

非生物主语的“把”字句

“把” sentences with non-living subjects

The subject of a “把” sentence may be a natural force or phenomenon. “水流把卡片带向别处” describes a change in a card’s position caused by a current, with the following words specifying direction or result.

Exemples

  • 水流把卡片带向别处。The current carries the card elsewhere.
  • 海风把岸上的旗子吹得飘了起来。The sea breeze makes the flag on shore flutter.

1. “仍旧”：原有状态继续

“仍旧”: A state continues

“仍旧” precedes a verb or adjective to show that an earlier state continues. In the text, the plateau remains cold even after the season changes to summer.

Exemples

  • 这里即使到了夏季，仍旧十分寒冷。It remains very cold here even in summer.

2. “特地”：专门为一个目的

“特地”: For a specific purpose

“特地” precedes a verb to emphasize an action taken specifically for a purpose. “为了…” can make the purpose explicit.

Exemples

  • 为了了解地衣，她特地查阅了有关资料。She specifically consulted relevant materials to learn about lichens.

“依旧”：状态持续

“依旧”: A continuing state

“依旧” can precede a verb or adjective to indicate that an earlier condition continues. In the text, “依旧黑暗而寒冷” describes crater floors remaining dark and cold over a long period.

Exemples

  • 有些坑底即使经历了很长时间，依旧黑暗而寒冷。Some crater floors remain dark and cold even over very long periods.
  • 夜深了，窗外依旧很安静。It was late at night, and it was still quiet outside the window.

“有时……有时……”：不同时段的情况

“有时…有时…”: Different situations over time

“有时…有时…” presents situations occurring at different times. It emphasizes variation with time or conditions without implying a fixed sequence.

Exemples

  • 电网有时增加其他电源的发电量，有时调用先前储存的电。The grid sometimes increases other generation and sometimes draws on previously stored energy.
  • 白天与夜晚的用电量可能不同，比较时需要写清各自的时间范围。Daytime and nighttime energy use may differ; comparisons need clearly defined periods.

“由于……因此……”：原因与结果

“由于…因此…”: Cause and result

“由于” introduces a cause, while “因此” introduces its result. When explaining a technical process, state the relevant conditions clearly.

Exemples

  • 由于设备效率不同，因此完成同样工作所需的燃料量可能不同。Because equipment efficiency differs, the amount of fuel needed to perform the same work may differ.
  • 由于甲烷充分燃烧时会产生二氧化碳，因此研究燃料使用时也要关注这种排放。Because complete combustion of methane produces carbon dioxide, studying fuel use also involves considering these emissions.

“滴”：计量少量液体

“滴”: Counting drops of liquid

“滴” can be a measure word for a small drop of liquid, used with quantities such as “一” and “几”. In the text, “一滴水” focuses attention on the stages water passes through.

Exemples

  • 叶片上留着几滴水。A few drops of water remain on the leaf.
  • 从一滴水的去向，可以认识城市用水的不同环节。Following a drop of water helps us understand different stages of urban water use.

“根据……提出……”：从依据到建议

“根据…提出…”: From evidence to a proposal

“根据” introduces the basis for a judgment or proposal, while “提出” describes putting an idea forward. The basis may be records, site conditions or relevant information; the proposal should then be stated specifically.

Exemples

  • 技术人员根据设备运行记录，提出了调整维护安排的建议。The specialists proposed changes to maintenance arrangements based on equipment operating records.
  • 居民根据自己的休息时间，提出了协调装卸时段的建议。Residents proposed coordinating delivery times in light of their resting hours.

非生物主语的“把”字句：空间作用

“把” sentences: Spatial effects of non-living subjects

A building structure can be the subject of a sentence describing its effect on spatial relationships. The following words express a result such as connection, separation or obstruction.

Exemples

  • 门、走廊和楼梯把不同空间连接起来。Doors, corridors and stairs connect different spaces.
  • 这些构造把建筑内部的空间分隔开。These structures divide the interior of the building into separate spaces.
  • 箱子如果占据通道，就可能把通行空间挡住。Boxes occupying a route may block the space available for passage.

1. “于”“因”：书面语中的时间与原因

“于” and “因”: Time and cause in writing

“于” can introduce the time of an action, while “因” can introduce a cause. Both commonly occur in writing.

Exemples

  • 应急管理部于12月20日发布了另一份通报。The Ministry of Emergency Management published another update on 20 December.
  • 因地震遭受损失的地区需要支援。Areas suffering earthquake damage need assistance.

2. “到……为止”：说明时间范围的终点

“到…为止”: Giving the endpoint of a period

“到…为止” identifies the endpoint of a period. “截至目前” can be understood as “到目前为止”; the particular moment depends on context.

Exemples

  • 到这份通报发布时为止，相关工作仍在继续。The work was still continuing at the time this update was published.

“为……留出……”：安排空间

“为…留出…”: Reserving space

“为” introduces whom or what the space serves, while “留出” means reserving usable space. The following words can describe its area, position or function.

Exemples

  • 新通道为较高水位时的水流留出更多空间。The new channel gives higher river flows more space.
  • 桥梁把岛与周围地区连接起来，为居民活动提供了条件。Bridges connect the island with surrounding areas and support residents’ activities.

“总算”：经过一段过程后实现

“总算”: Finally, after a process

“总算” precedes a verb to indicate that a result is finally achieved after time, effort or waiting. In the text, it expresses a player reaching a long-awaited final.

Exemples

  • 三号接连战胜两位对手，总算进入了期待已久的决赛。After defeating two opponents in succession, Player 3 finally reached the long-awaited final.
  • 经过几次调整，大家总算确定了比赛时间。After several adjustments, everyone finally agreed on the time for the matches.

数量与“还剩……”

Quantities and “还剩……”

“还剩” expresses the quantity left after part has been completed or used. The match in the text is best of three; after each player has won one game, one remains. Both “局” and “盘” can count board games; the text uses “第一局” for Go and “一盘象棋” for Chinese chess.

Exemples

  • 这场比赛已经打了两局，还剩最后一局。Two games have been played in this match, and only the final game remains.
  • 父女俩下完一盘象棋，又下了一盘。The father and daughter finished one game of Chinese chess and then played another.

“反—”：相反或反向

“反—”: Opposite or reverse

“反—” can precede certain words to express opposition or reversal, as in “反方向”, the opposite direction. Its combinations follow established usage; it cannot be added freely to any word. In “反复训练”, “反复” is a complete word meaning repeatedly.

Exemples

  • 录像中，运动员先向一个方向旋转，随后沿反方向转了一圈。In the video, the athlete first spins in one direction and then makes a full turn in the opposite direction.
  • 他们反复比较几次比赛的成绩，寻找进步的空间。They repeatedly compare results from several competitions to identify opportunities for improvement.

“就算……也……”：假设中的让步

“就算……也……”: Concession in a hypothetical situation

“就算” introduces a hypothetical situation, and “也” presents a judgment that still holds in that situation. The pattern can show that one condition does not replace another necessary condition.

Exemples

  • 就算场地准备好了，也还需要安排住宿和交通。Even if the venue is ready, accommodation and transport still need to be arranged.
  • 就算只有少数人参加，活动也需要认真组织。Even if only a few people take part, the activity still needs to be carefully organized.

“于”：引出处所

“于”: Introducing a place

In written Chinese, “于” can introduce the location of an action or the place from which something comes. “出土于一号坑” means “excavated from Pit 1”. This construction is common in descriptions of cultural objects.

Exemples

  • 这件陶俑出土于秦兵马俑一号坑。This terracotta figure was excavated from Pit 1 of the Qin Terracotta Army.
  • 这件跪射俑收藏于秦始皇帝陵博物院。This kneeling archer figure is held in Emperor Qinshihuang’s Mausoleum Site Museum.

“向”引出对象，“由”引出承担者

“向” for the recipient and “由” for the responsible party

“向” can introduce the recipient of a submission; “由” can introduce the person or institution responsible for a task. These expressions identify who receives a document and who undertakes a particular part of the work.

Exemples

  • 官员向皇帝呈送奏折。The official submits a memorial to the emperor.
  • 文书的抄录由专人负责。A designated person is responsible for copying the documents.

“异常”：程度很高

“异常”: An unusually high degree

As a degree adverb, “异常” comes before an adjective to indicate an unusually high degree and is common in written Chinese. “异常沉重” in the text means exceptionally heavy; it does not suggest that something is wrong with the object.

Exemples

  • 这件大型青铜器异常沉重。This large bronze object is exceptionally heavy.
  • 夜深了，展厅外异常安静。Late at night, it was unusually quiet outside the exhibition hall.

“特地”：为某个目的专门行动

“特地”: Acting for a particular purpose

“特地” emphasizes that an action is undertaken for a particular purpose and usually comes before the verb.

Exemples

  • 为了了解这件鼎的铭文，她特地查阅了博物馆的介绍。She consulted the museum’s account specifically to learn about the ding’s inscription.

“随着……”：伴随变化

“随着……” for accompanying change

“随着” introduces a change, and the following clause describes another change that accompanies it.

Exemples

  • 随着材料增加，可供比较的器物类型也更多了。As more material became available, there were also more types of objects to compare.

“不仅……还……”：补充一层信息

“不仅……还……” for an additional point

“不仅” and “还” connect related points, with the second adding to the first.

Exemples

  • 良渚遗址不仅保存了精美的玉器，还保留了城址和水利设施。The Liangzhu site preserves not only fine jade objects, but also city remains and water-management facilities.

“当时”与“在……以后”：定位历史时间

“当时” and “在……以后”: Locating events in time

“当时” refers to a time already mentioned and is understood through context. “在……以后” uses an event as a starting point and indicates that something else happened later.

Exemples

  • 这首歌创作于1935年。当时，它是电影的主题歌。The song was written in 1935. At that time, it was the film’s theme song.
  • 在歌曲广为传唱以后，它又承担了国家象征的作用。After the song became widely sung, it also took on the role of a national symbol.

“于”：书面语中的处所

“于”: Place in written Chinese

“于” can introduce a place. “总部设于某地” indicates where headquarters are located and is equivalent to “总部设在某地”. It is common in formal written descriptions.

Exemples

  • 联合国停战监督组织的总部设于耶路撒冷。The United Nations Truce Supervision Organization has its headquarters in Jerusalem.
  • 这份介绍保存于资料室，供工作人员查阅。This introduction is kept in the reference room for staff to consult.

Questions

Quelle grammaire faut-il pour le HSK 6 ?

Voici les points que le manuel HuWolMont de niveau 6 enseigne vraiment, dans l’ordre des leçons.

Lire l’explication suffit-il ?

Pas tout à fait. Dans l’app, chaque point a ses exercices avec correction immédiate, et chaque leçon se termine par une auto-évaluation.

Apprendre leçon par leçon dans l’appVocabulaire niveau 6 (1756 mots)Qu’est-ce que le HSK 3.0 ?

Tiré des manuels HuWolMont HSK 3.0, rédigés selon le programme HSK 2025.