Ressources · HSK 3.0
Grammaire HSK 4
Les 161 points de grammaire du manuel HuWolMont de niveau 4, livre par livre (80 leçons).
Pour l’instant, les sens et les explications sont en anglais.
Niveau 4 · Livre 1
“将要”：说将来会发生的事
“将要”: Talking about a future event
“将要” comes before a verb to describe an action or change expected in the future. It is common in narration and relatively formal language, and may be used with a specific time expression.
Exemples
- 新学期将要开始。The new term is about to begin.
- 我们下周将要学习怎样介绍自己做的东西。Next week, we will learn how to introduce things we have made.
“先……再／然后……”：动作的顺序
“先……再／然后……”: The order of actions
“先” introduces an earlier action, and “再” or “然后” introduces the action that follows. The actions take place in the order stated.
Exemples
- 我先听录音，再读课文。I listen to the recording first, then read the text.
- 我先想好要说什么，然后把自己的话录下来。I decide what to say first, then record myself.
“敢＋动词”：有勇气做某事
“敢＋verb”: Having the courage to do something
“敢” comes before a verb and means having the courage to do something. “不敢” means not having the courage because of fear or worry. It differs from “会,” which expresses ability.
Exemples
- 他会弹吉他，可是还不敢在很多人面前弹。He can play the guitar, but does not yet dare to play in front of a large audience.
- 和王明一起练了几次以后，李安敢在大家面前说几句话了。After practising with Wang Ming a few times, Li An had the courage to say a few words in front of everyone.
“互相”：你对我，我也对你
Reciprocal actions with “互相”
“互相” comes before a verb and describes an action going both ways. For example, “我们互相了解” means I get to know you and you get to know me, not simply that we both do the same thing. The subject may be plural, such as “我们” or “他们,” or may name both sides.
Exemples
- 我们互相问了很多问题。We asked each other many questions.
- 露西和郭言互相介绍家乡的生活。Lucy and Guo Yan tell each other about life in their hometowns.
“一屋子”：用名词表示数量
“一屋子”: A roomful of something
“屋子” can be used as a measure word. “一屋子家具” means a roomful of furniture. Other examples are “一桌子菜” (a tableful of dishes) and “一盒鸡蛋” (a box of eggs).
Exemples
- 搬家那天，客厅里是一屋子箱子。On moving day, the living room was full of boxes.
- 桌上放着一盒鸡蛋。There is a box of eggs on the table.
“一大间屋子”：数量短语中的形容词
“一大间屋子”: An adjective in a quantity phrase
In some quantity phrases, an adjective can go between the numeral and the measure word, as in “一大间屋子” (a large room) or “一小杯水” (a small glass of water). These are conventional combinations; the pattern cannot be applied freely to every phrase.
Exemples
- 他们租了一大间屋子。They rented a large room.
- 我只喝了一小杯水。I only drank a small glass of water.
把字句：宾语后也可以有状语
A 把 sentence with an adverbial after the object
In some 把 sentences, an adverbial describing manner can come after the object and before the verb. In “把鸡蛋慢慢倒进去,” “慢慢” describes how the pouring is done.
Exemples
- 他把碗里的水慢慢倒进杯子。He slowly poured the water from the bowl into the cup.
- 请把这句话再说一遍。Please say this sentence once more.
“首先……然后……”：说明先后
“首先……然后……” for sequencing
“首先” introduces the first step, and “然后” introduces a following action. “最后” can introduce the final step.
Exemples
- 首先准备好要用的东西，然后开始做饭。First get everything you need ready, then start cooking.
- 首先洗手，然后再吃饭。First wash your hands, then eat.
“不怎么”：程度不高
“不怎么”: Not very much
“不怎么” often comes before a verb or adjective and means not very much or not often. It usually does not mean not at all.
Exemples
- 我不怎么爱吃甜的东西。I am not very keen on sweet food.
- 他最近不怎么在家吃早饭。He has not been eating breakfast at home much recently.
“不是……就是……”：限定范围中的两种可能
“不是……就是……” for two alternatives
“不是A，就是B” means that, in the situation being described, it is usually either A or B.
Exemples
- 这个时间，他不是在教室，就是在图书馆。At this time of day, he is either in the classroom or in the library.
- 她午饭后不是散步，就是看书。After lunch, she either goes for a walk or reads.
“袋”：表示一袋的数量
“袋”: A bagful
“袋” can be a measure word for a bag of something, as in “一袋青菜” (a bag of greens) or “两袋米” (two bags of rice). Bag sizes vary, so a bag is not a fixed weight.
Exemples
- 我买了一袋苹果。I bought a bag of apples.
- 请把这两袋米放在门边。Please put these two bags of rice by the door.
“一盒”：用容器表示数量
“一盒”: Measuring by container
“盒子” names the container, while “盒” can be used as a measure word. “一盒葡萄” refers to a box of grapes; “一个盒子” refers to the box itself.
Exemples
- 桌上有一盒鸡蛋。There is a box of eggs on the table.
- 我把空盒子收好了。I put the empty box away.
“重新”：再做一次
“重新”: Doing something again
“重新” comes before a verb and means doing something again from the beginning or under new circumstances. It does not necessarily mean that the first attempt was wrong.
Exemples
- 搬家以后，我重新整理了书。After moving, I organised my books again.
- 听完她的介绍，我想重新读一遍这篇文章。After hearing her introduction, I would like to read the article again.
把字句与动作次数
A 把 sentence with a frequency complement
A frequency expression such as “两遍” or “一次” can follow the verb in a 把 sentence. The object is generally something identifiable, such as “这篇文章.”
Exemples
- 他把这篇文章读了两遍。He read this article twice.
- 请把这个词再写一次。Please write this word once more.
“X是X，Y是Y”：区分两件事
“X是X，Y是Y”: Distinguishing two things
This pattern distinguishes two things that have different requirements or should not be treated as the same. It is usually followed by an explanation of the distinction.
Exemples
- 兴趣是兴趣，工作是工作，安排时间时要分别考虑。Interests and work are different things and need separate consideration when planning your time.
- 想法是想法，做法是做法，还要看具体怎么做。An idea and a way of carrying it out are different things; the practical details still matter.
“表扬／批评＋人＋行为”
Praising or criticising someone for an action
After “表扬” or “批评,” the person can be followed by a verb phrase describing the action being evaluated, as in “表扬他认真准备节目.” The action makes the evaluation specific.
Exemples
- 老师表扬这个学生认真准备节目。The teacher praised the student for preparing the performance carefully.
- 老师批评他上课玩手机。The teacher criticised him for using his phone in class.
“不是……而是……”：说明真正的情况
“不是……而是……” for the actual situation
“不是A，而是B” rejects one interpretation and gives the actual situation. A and B usually have parallel forms.
Exemples
- 他不是不想回答，而是没有听清问题。It is not that he does not want to answer; he did not hear the question clearly.
- 我想问的不是价钱，而是数量。What I want to ask about is the quantity, not the price.
“按时”：按照规定的时间
“按时”: At the required time
“按时” means doing something at the scheduled or required time, for example submitting documents or finishing work. “准时” places more emphasis on punctuality, as in arriving at an exact time. The two can overlap in context.
Exemples
- 请按时交回表格。Please return the form by the required time.
- 我们约好九点见面，他准时到了。We arranged to meet at nine, and he arrived on time.
复现：“将要”与未来计划
Review: “将要” and future plans
“将要” comes before a verb to describe a future action or change. A time expression makes a plan more specific.
Exemples
- 新学期将要开始，她正在了解课程。The new term is about to begin, and she is finding out about courses.
- 我下周将要参加学校的介绍会。I will attend the university's information session next week.
复现：“先……再……”与说明经历
Review: “先……再……” in an account
When describing an experience, “先……再……” can show the order of actions. The sequence should match what actually happened.
Exemples
- 我先问她记得什么，再帮她找书。I first asked what she remembered, then helped her find the book.
- 请先了解工作内容，再考虑是否应聘。First find out what the work involves, then consider whether to apply.
“一桌子”：桌上的许多东西
“一桌子”: A tableful
“一桌子书” means a tableful of books. Here “桌子” acts as a measure word.
Exemples
- 他们准备了一桌子菜。They prepared a tableful of dishes.
- 客人走了，留下一桌子碗筷。The guests have left, leaving a tableful of bowls and chopsticks.
“相互”：双方之间的动作
“相互”: Reciprocal actions
“相互” describes actions between two or more parties and is close in meaning to “互相.”
Exemples
- 同事之间要相互帮助。Colleagues should help one another.
- 两边的人员相互介绍了情况。Staff on both sides explained their situations to one another.
“嗯”：表示回应
“嗯”: A spoken response
“嗯” can signal that someone has heard, agrees or is listening. Its meaning depends on context and tone.
Exemples
- 甲：这本书先放在这里，好吗？A: Shall we leave this book here for now?
- 乙：嗯，可以。B: Mm-hm, that is fine.
- 甲：我想先说说今天的安排。A: I would like to explain today's arrangements first.
“……，好……”：为后面的事创造条件
“……，好……” for enabling a following action
The first clause states an action, and the clause with “好” explains what this makes possible or easier. Here “好” does not evaluate whether something is good.
Exemples
- 请把时间写清楚，好让大家安排自己的事。Please write the time clearly so everyone can plan their own activities.
- 我先把桌子收拾好，好放这些书。I will clear the table first to make room for these books.
“打”：十二个为一打
“打”: A dozen
“打” is a quantity unit meaning twelve. It is used with certain goods sold in groups, rather than freely with every object.
Exemples
- 我买了一打铅笔。I bought a dozen pencils.
- 这半打铅笔有六支。This half-dozen pencils contains six pencils.
“台”：机器的量词
“台”: A measure word for machines
“台” is used for certain machines or devices, such as a printer or computers.
Exemples
- 办公室里有一台打印机。There is a printer in the office.
- 这两台电脑都可以用。Both computers can be used.
“按／按照”：依据要求或顺序
“按／按照”: Following requirements or a sequence
As prepositions, “按” and “按照” introduce a basis, requirement or order to follow. “按照” is common in fuller explanations.
Exemples
- 请按时间表参加活动。Please follow the timetable for the activities.
- 我们按照顺序整理这些文件。We arrange these files in order.
把字句与动词重叠
A 把 sentence with a reduplicated verb
Reduplicating a verb can suggest a brief action or trying something. Examples in 把 sentences include “把内容看一看” and “把房间收拾收拾.”
Exemples
- 请把这份说明看一看。Please take a look at this handout.
- 他把这些书整理了整理。He spent a little time organising these books.
“一手”：手上沾满某种东西
“一手”: A hand covered in something
“一手灰” describes a hand covered in dust. Here “手” acts as a measure word.
Exemples
- 他搬完东西，弄了一手灰。After moving the things, his hand was covered in dust.
- 孩子玩完回来，带着一手泥。The child came back from playing with a hand covered in mud.
“一A一B”：固定表达中的形式
“一A一B” in established expressions
Some established expressions have the form “一A一B.” “一举一动” refers to every movement, while “一心一意” means wholeheartedly. Learn their meanings as a whole rather than replacing the characters freely.
Exemples
- 他站在前面，大家都能看清他的一举一动。He stood at the front, and everyone could see his every movement clearly.
- 她一心一意地准备这次活动。She is preparing for this event wholeheartedly.
“够……的”：口语中的程度评价
“够……的” for emphasis
In speech, “够＋adjective＋的” can emphasise a high degree, as in “够辛苦的.” It is not always about having a sufficient quantity.
Exemples
- 这一趟走下来，够累的。That was quite a tiring walk.
- 他今天忙了一天，够辛苦的。He has been busy all day; it has been hard work.
“让你X，你就X”：较强的催促
“让你X，你就X” as an emphatic prompt
This pattern urges someone to do what they are told. It is emphatic and often used between people who know each other. “叫” can replace “让.”
Exemples
- 让你坐，你就坐，别一直站着。Do sit down when I ask you; do not keep standing.
- 叫你休息，你就休息，一会儿还有事要做。Take a rest when I tell you to; there is more to do later.
“趟”：计算来回或出行的次数
“趟”: Counting journeys
“趟” counts trips to a place or journeys there and back, as in “去一趟” or “跑两趟.”
Exemples
- 我去了一趟图书馆。I made a trip to the library.
- 东西太多，他来回跑了两趟。There were so many things that he made two trips.
“差点儿”：接近发生但通常没有发生
“差点儿”: Nearly
“差点儿＋verb phrase” means something nearly happened, often something unwanted that did not occur. Use the context to identify the actual outcome.
Exemples
- 我差点儿忘了带钥匙，出门前才想起来。I nearly forgot my keys but remembered before leaving.
- 他差点儿迟到，最后一分钟赶到了。He nearly arrived late but made it at the last minute.
“动词＋得／不＋了”：能不能做到
“Verb＋得／不＋了” for possibility
Here “了” is pronounced liǎo. “得了” indicates that an action is possible; “不了” that it is not, often because of quantity, time or other conditions.
Exemples
- 东西太多，我一个人拿不了。There are too many things for me to carry alone.
- 一个小时的路，我走得了。I can manage a walk of an hour.
“恐怕”：带有担心的推测
“恐怕”: A worried prediction
“恐怕” often predicts an unwanted possibility with concern. It can also soften disagreement.
Exemples
- 这本书字太小，恐怕他读起来不方便。The print is very small; I am afraid it may be hard for him to read.
- 今天时间不够，恐怕做不完。There is not enough time today; I am afraid we will not finish.
“正好”：恰好符合需要或情况
“正好”: Just right; happening to fit
“正好” can mean that a circumstance happens to meet a need, or that a quantity or time is just right.
Exemples
- 你想借这本书，我正好带来了。You want to borrow this book, and I happen to have brought it.
- 四个人，四把椅子，正好。Four people and four chairs: just right.
“啊”：表达感受
“啊”: Expressing a reaction
As an interjection, “啊” can convey surprise, understanding or another reaction, depending on context and tone.
Exemples
- 啊，你已经到了！Ah, you are here already!
- 啊，这个故事我也听过。Ah, I have heard this story too.
“X就是了”：简单建议或许可
“X就是了”: A simple suggestion or permission
Adding “就是了” after a verb phrase can mean that this action is all that is needed or that the other person may do it. Tone depends on the relationship.
Exemples
- 不明白的地方，你问我就是了。If anything is unclear, just ask me.
- 你先在这里坐一会儿就是了。You can just sit here for a while.
“另外”：补充另一件事
“另外”: Adding something else
“另外” can introduce extra information or something beyond what is already included, as in “不另外收钱” (no extra charge).
Exemples
- 房间里有床，另外还有一个书架。There is a bed in the room, as well as a bookcase.
- 这部分费用需要另外付。This part of the cost must be paid separately.
“X就X点儿吧”：接受不完全理想的情况
“X就X点儿吧”: Accepting a less-than-ideal condition
Repeating an adjective with “就,” “点儿” and “吧” can indicate accepting a condition despite some reservations.
Exemples
- 远就远点儿吧，我可以骑车去。I can accept it being a little further away; I can cycle there.
- 小就小点儿吧，一个人住也够了。I can accept it being a little small; it is enough for one person.
“要是……就……”：假设与结果
“要是……就……” for a condition and result
“要是” introduces a hypothetical condition; “就” gives the resulting situation or action.
Exemples
- 要是下周搬家，我就这周把东西整理好。If I move next week, I will pack this week.
- 要是有问题，就给我打电话。If there is a problem, call me.
“由”：说明起点
“由”: Indicating a starting point
“由” can introduce the starting point of a journey, often in relatively formal transport information.
Exemples
- 这班车由汽车站开往北山公园。This service runs from the coach station to Beishan Park.
- 我们由学校出发，先去图书馆。We set out from school and went to the library first.
“否则”：不这样做的结果
“否则”: Otherwise
The first clause gives a condition or action; “否则” introduces what happens without it.
Exemples
- 请早点出门，否则可能赶不上车。Leave early, or you may miss the bus.
- 先把地址写清楚，否则别人不好找。Write the address clearly first, otherwise it will be hard to find.
复现：“否则”与通行安排
Review: “否则” in travel arrangements
“否则” gives a possible result if the preceding condition is not met. The result needs to follow from that condition.
Exemples
- 请把车停到停车场，否则会挡住门口。Please park in the car park, otherwise you will block the entrance.
- 去之前先问清开放时间，否则可能白跑一趟。Check opening hours first, or you may make the trip for nothing.
“十来页”：表示概数
“十来页”: An approximate number
“来” can follow a round number such as ten or a hundred and precede a measure word to indicate an approximate quantity, as in “十来页书.” It is not an exact count.
Exemples
- 我在车上读了十来页书。I read ten or so pages on the train.
- 门口站着十来个人。Ten or so people are standing at the entrance.
“大约／左右”：说明估计数量
“大约／左右” for approximate quantities
“大约” usually precedes a quantity phrase, while “左右” usually follows it. Choosing one keeps the expression concise.
Exemples
- 路上大约要十个小时。The journey takes about ten hours.
- 我们七点左右到。We will arrive around seven.
“只好”：没有更合适的选择
“只好”: Having no better choice
“只好” comes before a verb and indicates that there is no better or workable alternative at present.
Exemples
- 门还没有开，我只好在外面等。The door is not open yet, so I have to wait outside.
- 车已经走了，我们只好坐下一班。The bus has left, so we have to take the next one.
“等到”：到了某个时间再行动
“等到”: Introducing the time for an action
“等到” can introduce a time or situation, indicating that the following action takes place then.
Exemples
- 等到一点，我们再出发。We will set off at one.
- 等到大家都来了，再开始介绍。Start the introduction once everyone is here.
“来得及／来不及”：时间是否足够
“来得及／来不及”: Having enough time
“来得及” means there is enough time to do something; “来不及” means there is not.
Exemples
- 离上课还有半个小时，来得及吃早饭。There is half an hour before class, enough time for breakfast.
- 现在才出门，恐怕来不及了。Leaving only now, I am afraid we may be too late.
“X也得X，不X也得X”：强调别无选择
“X也得X，不X也得X”: No alternative
This emphatic pattern stresses having no alternative. It can express resignation about one's own situation, such as having to wait for a bus.
Exemples
- 等也得等，不等也得等，车还没来。There is no choice but to wait; the bus has not arrived.
- 看也得看，不看也得看，这份材料今天就要用。I have to read it whether I want to or not; the material is needed today.
“要是……就……，否则……”：两种结果
“要是……就……，否则……” for alternatives
The first clause gives a condition and result with “要是……就……,” and “否则” introduces the result without that condition.
Exemples
- 要是早点出发，就能慢慢走，否则可能要赶时间。If we set out early, we can walk at leisure; otherwise, we may have to hurry.
- 要是有空，就先读完这份材料，否则明天再读。If you have time, read the material now; otherwise, read it tomorrow.
小数温度的读法
Reading decimal temperatures
Read the decimal point as “点” and read each digit after it separately. Use “零下” before a temperature below zero. The unit is “摄氏度”; in everyday conversation, people also use “度”.
Exemples
- 十八点六摄氏度，比昨天暖和一些。It is 18.6 degrees Celsius, a little warmer than yesterday.
- 今天早上零下二点五度，湖边很冷。It was minus 2.5 degrees this morning, and it was cold by the lake.
“按照”：说明顺序
“按照” for a sequence
“按照” can introduce the sequence followed in a description or an action. For example, “按照时间顺序” means describing earlier events before later ones.
Exemples
- 我们按照从西到东的顺序介绍这三个城市。We introduce the three cities in order from west to east.
- 请按照时间顺序讲讲这次旅行。Please describe the trip in chronological order.
Niveau 4 · Livre 2
量词“棵”
The measure word “棵”
Use “棵” to count trees and certain other plants. It normally goes between a number and the plant noun, as in “一棵树”. For two, normally say “两棵”.
Exemples
- 院子里有两棵树，一棵高，一棵矮。There are two trees in the courtyard, one tall and one short.
- 我们去年种了三棵树，今年每棵都长高了一些。We planted three trees last year, and each has grown a little taller this year.
“从来”与否定表达
“从来” in negative statements
“从来” often combines with “不” or “没有” to describe a consistent habit of not doing something or the absence of an experience up to now.
Exemples
- 他从来不在图书馆大声说话。He never speaks loudly in the library.
- 我从来没有在大自然里见过老虎。I have never seen a tiger in the wild.
“往往”与“偶尔”
“往往” and “偶尔”
“往往” describes something that commonly happens, often as a pattern. “偶尔” means occasionally. Neither means that something happens every time.
Exemples
- 下雨天，这条路上往往车很多。There is often heavy traffic on this road on rainy days.
- 我平时坐公交车，偶尔走路去学校。I usually take the bus, but occasionally walk to school.
“甚至”：进一步说明
“甚至” to take a point further
“甚至” links ideas, taking the second further than the first, often with a sense of surprise.
Exemples
- 他喜欢读书，甚至等车的时候也要读几页。He loves reading; he even reads a few pages while waiting for the bus.
- 这本书很受欢迎，甚至有人从外地来买。This book is so popular that some people even come from other towns to buy it.
“随着”：变化同时展开
“随着” for changes that unfold together
“随着” introduces a developing change, followed by another change that occurs along with it.
Exemples
- 随着天气变凉，街上穿外套的人多了。As the weather gets cooler, more people on the street are wearing coats.
- 随着孩子长大，家里给他买的衣服也越来越大。As the child grows, the family buys larger and larger clothes for him.
“千万”：加强提醒
“千万” for an emphatic reminder
As an adverb, “千万” strengthens a reminder or piece of advice. Common patterns include “千万别……” and “千万不要……”.
Exemples
- 千万别把护照忘在家里。Be sure not to leave your passport at home.
- 出门前千万不要忘了关窗。Be sure not to forget to close the window before leaving.
“使／让＋人＋动词短语” “使／让 +
person + verb phrase”
“使” or “让” can introduce an action or change caused by the preceding situation. “使” is more common in writing, while “让” is more common in speech.
Exemples
- 这份预报使我们改变了安排。The forecast prompted us to change our plans.
- 这场雨让我们推迟了出发时间。The rain caused us to postpone our departure.
“从……起”：说明开始时间
“从……起” for a starting time
“从……起” marks when a situation began. When describing discomfort, you can state its starting time and then explain subsequent changes.
Exemples
- 从昨晚起，我就开始咳嗽了。I started coughing last night.
- 从今天早上起，我的头一直痛。My head has been hurting since this morning.
“一脸”：脸上显出的状态
“一脸” for a visible state or expression
“一脸” can describe something covering the face or an expression clearly visible on it.
Exemples
- 天气热，他走了一会儿就出了一脸汗。It was hot, and his face was covered in sweat after a short walk.
- 朋友一脸笑容，说自己终于学会了。My friend smiled broadly and said they had finally learned it.
“更加”：程度进一步增加
“更加” for a higher degree
“更加” goes before adjectives and similar expressions to indicate a further increase in degree.
Exemples
- 和一个人练习相比，有人指导让我更加放心。Compared with practising alone, having guidance makes me feel more at ease.
- 这条路离家近，散步更加方便。This path is close to home, making it more convenient for a walk.
“得厉害”与“死了”：程度很高
“得厉害” and “死了” for a high degree
“Adjective + 得厉害” expresses a high degree. “Adjective or psychological verb + 死了” is also emphatic, usually as colloquial exaggeration rather than a literal statement of danger.
Exemples
- 他今天累得厉害。He is very tired today.
- 这件事终于办好了，我高兴死了！It is finally done—I am so happy!
“老”表示经常反复
“老” for frequent repetition
As a frequency adverb, “老” is close to “老是”: something keeps happening, sometimes with a sense of complaint. It does not refer to age here.
Exemples
- 我老想着明天的事情，一直没看进去这篇文章。I keep thinking about tomorrow and have not been able to concentrate on this article.
- 这扇门老是关不严，得请人来看看。This door keeps failing to close properly; we need someone to look at it.
把字句中的动词重叠
Verb reduplication in a 把 sentence
A reduplicated verb in a 把 sentence can suggest doing something briefly or lightly. Examples include “把……擦一擦” and “把……看一看”.
Exemples
- 把这个篮子擦一擦，等会儿放水果。Give this basket a wipe; we will put fruit in it later.
- 请把这段话读一读，再说说你的想法。Please read this passage and then tell us what you think.
“将”：将来发生的事
“将” for a future event
As an adverb, “将” can mark a future action or situation. It is common in writing, for example “将于 + time + verb”.
Exemples
- 活动将于周六上午十点开始。The event will begin at ten on Saturday morning.
- 这条公交线路下个月将增加班次。This bus route will have more services next month.
“将”与“由”：书面语中的处置和施事
“将” and “由” in written arrangements
“将 + object + verb phrase” describes how an object is handled, similarly to “把”. “由 + person + verb phrase” identifies who performs an action.
Exemples
- 请将报名表交给工作人员。Please hand the registration form to a staff member.
- 这次活动由林老师负责。Teacher Lin is responsible for this event.
“与”：相关对象与并列
“与” for a related person or coordination
As a preposition, “与” introduces the person involved in an action such as communication. As a conjunction, it joins people or things. Both uses are common in writing.
Exemples
- 我再与爸爸确认一遍出发时间。I will confirm the departure time with Dad once more.
- 罗青与许山一起商量周末的安排。Luo Qing and Xu Shan discuss the weekend plans together.
“你X你的吧”：让对方继续
“你X你的吧” to let someone carry on
This colloquial pattern lets someone continue what they are doing, often indicating that they do not need to stop to help. Whether it sounds friendly depends on context and tone.
Exemples
- 你看你的吧，我自己找这本书。Carry on reading; I will find the book myself.
- 你忙你的吧，我在这里等一会儿。Carry on with what you are doing; I will wait here for a while.
“叫／让”表示被动
“叫／让” in passive sentences
The pattern “affected person or thing + 叫／让 + agent + verb phrase” can express a passive meaning. Normally state the agent after “叫” or “让”. Common in speech, these patterns may describe an unwelcome result, but can also simply explain what happened to an object.
Exemples
- 我的帽子让室友借去戴了。My hat has been borrowed by my roommate.
- 晾在外面的毛巾叫雨淋湿了。The towels drying outside got wet in the rain.
“把……动词＋了”：事情已经完成
“把…verb + 了” for a completed action
A 把 sentence can use “了” to mark completed handling of an object. The verb often has a result, quantity or location complement.
Exemples
- 我把干衣服收起来了。I have put away the dry clothes.
- 她把毛巾放进袋子里了。She has put the towels into the bag.
“X是X，不过……”：承认后再补充
“X是X，不过…” to acknowledge and qualify
Repeating a word acknowledges a feature first. “不过” or “就是” then introduces a reservation or another side to it.
Exemples
- 便宜是便宜，不过我现在用不了这么多。It is cheaper, but I cannot use that many now.
- 近是近，就是房间小了一点。It is close by, but the room is a little small.
“是……的两倍”：比较数量
“是…的两倍” for twice the quantity
“A是B的两倍” means A equals B multiplied by two. Compare the same kind of quantity, such as number of items, length or price; distinguish total price from price per item.
Exemples
- 六本是三本的两倍。Six notebooks are twice as many as three.
- 大袋里有四十个，小袋里有二十个，大袋里的数量是小袋的两倍。The large bag has forty items and the small bag has twenty, so the large bag contains twice as many.
“正好”：恰好合适
“正好” for a good fit
“正好” can indicate that a time, size or quantity fits a need exactly.
Exemples
- 这个地方正好放得下台灯。The lamp fits perfectly in this space.
- 我们三个人，这三个杯子正好够用。There are three of us, so these three cups are exactly enough.
“另外”：补充另一项信息
“另外” to add information
“另外” can introduce another related piece of information. When describing a service, give the main details first, then use it to add a time or condition.
Exemples
- 阅读室可以免费读书。另外，借书回家需要先办理手续。Reading in the room is free. In addition, registration is required to take books home.
- 请提前约时间。另外，周一服务中心不开门。Please arrange a time in advance. Also, the service centre is closed on Mondays.
“有的是”：数量充足
“有的是” for plenty
“有的是 + noun” emphatically means there is plenty of something. It differs from the pattern “有的……有的……” used to describe different groups.
Exemples
- 周末有的是时间，我们可以慢慢读。We have plenty of time at the weekend, so we can read at leisure.
- 家里有的是纸，不用再买了。There is plenty of paper at home; there is no need to buy more.
“由”：说明出发地点
“由” for a starting point
“由” can introduce the starting point of a journey, followed by expressions such as “出发” or “到”.
Exemples
- 我们由县城出发，沿着旧公路回村里。We set out from the county town and follow the old road back to the village.
- 由这里到市场，走路大约二十分钟。It takes about twenty minutes to walk from here to the market.
“另外”：补充参观信息
“另外” for additional visitor information
“另外” introduces another related piece of information after what has already been stated.
Exemples
- 这里可以参观建筑。另外，附近还有一个公园。You can visit the buildings here. There is also a park nearby.
- 我们上午去博物馆，另外留一个小时散步。We will visit the museum in the morning and also allow an hour for a walk.
“各种”：不同种类
“各种” for different kinds
“各种” precedes a noun and means different kinds.
Exemples
- 市场上有各种水果。The market has many kinds of fruit.
- 这本书介绍各种植物。This book introduces different kinds of plants.
“多么”：感叹程度
“多么” for an exclamation
“多么” can strengthen an exclamation and commonly comes before an adjective.
Exemples
- 这里的景色多么美丽！How beautiful the scenery is!
- 能见到老朋友，多么高兴啊！How happy I am to see an old friend!
“跟……相比”：比较的依据
“跟……相比” for a comparison
Use “跟……相比” to introduce the comparison, then state a similarity or difference.
Exemples
- 跟河谷相比，山上更冷。It is colder on the mountain than in the valley.
- 跟上次相比，这次我们多留了一天。Compared with last time, we have allowed an extra day this time.
“一方面……另一方面……”：两个方面
“一方面……另一方面……” for two aspects
This pattern describes two aspects of the same subject that may complement each other.
Exemples
- 一方面要了解天气，另一方面也要安排好时间。We need both to understand the weather and to plan our time.
- 这里一方面有自然风景，另一方面也有丰富的城市生活。This place offers both natural scenery and varied city life.
“十分、尤其”：程度与突出重点
“十分” and “尤其”
“十分” marks a high degree; “尤其” highlights a particular aspect or case within a broader range.
Exemples
- 这座桥十分美。This bridge is very beautiful.
- 我喜欢古建筑，尤其喜欢古桥。I like old buildings, especially old bridges.
“之”：书面语中的连接
“之” in written expressions
“之” can link a modifier to a noun, much like “的”, chiefly in written expressions. Everyday speech generally uses “的”.
Exemples
- 古桥之美，值得慢慢欣赏。The beauty of ancient bridges deserves unhurried appreciation.
- 这本书介绍建筑之美。This book introduces the beauty of architecture.
“忽然”：突然发生
“忽然” for a sudden event
“忽然” precedes an action or state to mark an unexpected change.
Exemples
- 我忽然想起一件事。I suddenly remembered something.
- 走到河边时，天忽然暗了下来。When we reached the river, the sky suddenly grew dark.
“当……时”：事件发生的时间
“当……时” for the time of an event
“当……时” provides an event as the time setting for another event.
Exemples
- 当我经过这座桥时，太阳刚刚升起。The sun was just rising when I passed this bridge.
- 当我们到达山下时，雨已经停了。The rain had stopped when we reached the foot of the mountain.
“再也没……”：某段时间内未再发生
“再也没……” within a stated period
“再也没……” means that an event has not happened again after a certain point. The context establishes the period concerned.
Exemples
- 从去年搬走到现在，我再也没去过那家店。I have not visited that shop again since moving away last year.
- 那次旅行结束后，直到放假前，我们再也没见过面。After that trip, we did not meet again before the holidays.
“自”：时间起点
“自” for a starting point in time
“自” introduces a starting point in time, like “从”, often in written language and with “起” or “以来”.
Exemples
- 自本月起，图书馆周日开放。Starting this month, the library opens on Sundays.
- 自去年以来，他一直在研究这段历史。He has been studying this period of history since last year.
“并”：连接两个动作
“并” connecting actions
“并” links two related actions with the same subject; the second often takes the first further.
Exemples
- 请阅读文章，并记录自己的问题。Please read the article and note your questions.
- 她整理了资料，并写了一篇介绍。She organised the materials and wrote an introduction.
“为了……而……”：目的
“为了……而……” for purpose
“为了” introduces a purpose; “而” links the action taken to achieve it. “为” in this purpose expression is pronounced wèi.
Exemples
- 他为了了解造纸技术而阅读历史资料。He reads historical materials to learn about papermaking.
- 我们为了保存这些记录而把它们放进盒子。We put these records in a box to preserve them.
“然而”：前后转折
“然而” for contrast
“然而” connects clauses or sentences whose meanings contrast, mainly in written language.
Exemples
- 材料准备好了，然而实验还不能开始。The materials are ready, yet the experiment cannot begin.
- 纸方便保存文字，然而保存仍然需要合适的条件。Paper makes it convenient to keep written records, yet suitable storage conditions are still needed.
“因此”：说明结果
“因此” for a result
“因此” connects a cause to its result. The connection is causal, rather than merely a sequence in time.
Exemples
- 这一页有三个相同的字，因此要准备三个这样的活字。This page repeats the same character three times, so three copies of that type are needed.
- 这些字还能再用，因此不必每页都重新刻字。These characters can be reused, so new ones need not be carved for every page.
“稍、稍微”：小幅度
“稍” and “稍微” for a small degree
Both mark a small degree. “稍微” is common in speech; “稍” is more compact and also common in writing.
Exemples
- 水稍凉一些就可以喝了。The water can be drunk once it is a little cooler.
- 这一杯稍微苦了一点。This cup is a little bitter.
“难道……吗？”：反问
“难道……吗？” for a rhetorical question
This pattern presents the speaker’s view and seeks agreement, usually rather than new information. It can sound forceful.
Exemples
- 水还很烫，难道你现在就喝吗？The water is still very hot. Surely you aren’t drinking it already?
- 这是朋友送的礼物，难道我会忘记吗？It was a gift from a friend. How could I forget?
“加上”：补充另一个因素
“加上” for an additional factor
“加上” introduces another factor contributing to a situation, rather than merely the next event.
Exemples
- 茶叶放得多，加上泡得久，茶就更苦了。More leaves and a longer brewing time made the tea more bitter.
- 今天下雨，加上风很大，我们决定在家读书。It is raining and also very windy, so we have decided to read at home.
“首先……其次……”：安排次序
“首先……其次……” for ordering points
This pattern orders points or reasons, not necessarily actions in time.
Exemples
- 选茶时，首先考虑味道，其次考虑价格。When choosing tea, consider taste first and price second.
- 首先要有合适的材料，其次要留出足够的时间。First, suitable materials are needed; second, enough time must be allowed.
“拿……来说”：提出例子
“拿……来说” for an example
This phrase introduces a specific example of a broader point.
Exemples
- 主食有许多做法。拿米来说，可以煮饭，也可以做米线。Staples can be prepared in many ways. Rice, for example, can be cooked or made into rice noodles.
- 拿这家店来说，早餐就有六种选择。Take this shop: it offers six breakfast choices.
“既……又/也……”：同时成立
“既……又/也……” for two qualities
This pattern states two qualities or situations that apply to the same subject.
Exemples
- 这道菜既好看，又好吃。This dish looks good and tastes good.
- 这种食品既方便，也适合带在路上。This food is convenient and suitable for taking on a journey.
“连……都……，……更……”：递进
“连……都……，……更……” for progression
The first clause highlights an unexpected case; “更” then introduces a stronger case, with a clear basis for comparison.
Exemples
- 这道菜连爱吃辣的人都觉得辣，不吃辣的人就更难接受了。Even people who love spicy food find this dish hot; people unused to it find it harder still.
- 连常来的人都要查地址，第一次来的人更需要提前查好。Even regular visitors need to check the address; first-time visitors need to do so even more.
“顿”：计算吃饭的次数
“顿” for counting meals
With a number, “顿” counts occasions of eating. “一顿饭” can refer to a complete meal.
Exemples
- 我们一起吃了两顿饭。We had two meals together.
- 他想好好吃一顿，再回去工作。He wants to have a proper meal before returning to work.
“各”：分别指一个范围中的成员
“各” for members of a set
“各” can precede a noun to refer to each member within a range, as in “各地”, “各家” and “各组”.
Exemples
- 各家有各家的安排。Each family has its own plans.
- 各组准备一份介绍。Each group prepares an introduction.
“怎么也不/没……”：尝试后仍未实现
“怎么也不/没……” despite attempts
This pattern indicates that different methods or repeated attempts failed. “怎么” does not ask how here. Another form is “怎么也 + verb + 不 + complement”, as in “怎么也打不开”.
Exemples
- 我找了半天，怎么也没找到那本书。I searched for ages but could not find that book.
- 这个盖子太紧，我怎么也打不开。The lid is so tight that I cannot open it however I try.
“幅”：计算画作等
“幅” for paintings and similar works
“幅” counts flat works such as paintings, usually between a number and a noun.
Exemples
- 展厅里有三幅画。There are three paintings in the exhibition hall.
- 他画了一幅家乡的风景画。He painted a landscape of his hometown.
Niveau 4 · Livre 3
“还X呢”：超出预期
“还X呢” for something beyond expectations
In conversation, “还X呢” can highlight a fact beyond the listener’s expectations. Its tone depends on context.
Exemples
- 我以为他只会唱歌，没想到他还会弹钢琴呢。I thought he could only sing; unexpectedly, he can play piano too.
- 你以为这里只卖茶？这里还卖茶杯呢。You thought they only sold tea here? They sell teacups too.
复习“并”：连接动作
Review: “并” linking actions
“并” links related actions with the same subject, often in developed accounts.
Exemples
- 同学们准备了物品，并检查了音乐。The students prepared the objects and checked the music.
- 演员走上台，并向观众致谢。The actors came onstage and thanked the audience.
“不过”：补充限制或转折
“不过” for a qualification
“不过” acknowledges a point before adding a contrasting point or qualification, often more gently than a direct rejection.
Exemples
- 故事很短，不过内容并不简单。The story is short, but its content is not simple.
- 我喜欢这篇作品，不过还有一段没有读懂。I like this work, though there is a passage I have not understood.
“有声有色”：固定表达
The fixed expression “有声有色”
“有声有色” describes a vivid account or presentation. This fixed expression has the form “有A有B”; its characters cannot be freely replaced to invent words.
Exemples
- 她把旅途见闻讲得有声有色。She described her travels vividly.
- 他把这个故事演得有声有色。He brought the story to life in his performance.
复习“当……时”
Review: “当……时”
“当……时” sets the time for the event that follows.
Exemples
- 当她赴外地学习时，开始写旅途见闻。When she went away to study, she began writing about her travels.
- 当我们再读这篇文章时，也许会有新的理解。When we reread this text, we may understand it differently.
“到底、究竟”：追问具体情况
“到底” and “究竟” in questions
Both words strengthen a question and express a wish to establish the facts. Direct questions to others may sound insistent.
Exemples
- 这句话到底是什么意思？What exactly does this sentence mean?
- 他究竟想了解哪一部分？Which part exactly does he want to understand?
“就是说”：换一种方式说明
“就是说” for restatement
These expressions introduce a clarification or inference from what was just said.
Exemples
- 明天不开放，就是说，我们得换一天来。It is closed tomorrow. That means we need to come another day.
- 这个月他每周都来，到今天正好四周。这就是说，他已经参加了四次。He has come every week this month, and today marks four weeks. That means he has attended four times.
疑问词反问：答案已在语境中
Rhetorical questions with question words
Question words can form rhetorical questions. The speaker uses the question to emphasise a view rather than seek information. Context determines the meaning.
Exemples
- 书还没有打开，怎么能说已经读过了？How can you say you have read the book when you have not opened it?
- 一天这么短，哪里能走遍整座城？How could anyone explore the entire city in such a short day?
复习“因此”：原因与结果
Review: “因此” for cause and result
“因此” introduces a result of the preceding situation.
Exemples
- 球出了台，因此这次来回结束了。The ball went off the table, so the rally ended.
- 同伴需要接球，因此他先让出位置。His partner needs to return the ball, so he makes room.
“场”：计算比赛等活动
“场” for games and events
“场” counts events such as games and performances, following a number.
Exemples
- 今天有两场比赛。There are two matches today.
- 他们看了一场话剧。They watched a play.
“再次”：又一次发生
“再次” for repetition
“再次” marks an action happening once more, often in narrative or relatively formal language.
Exemples
- 暂停后，队员再次上场。After the timeout, the players return to the court.
- 她再次向大家表示感谢。She thanks everyone once again.
“选＋人＋当/为＋职务”
Choosing someone for a role
The chosen person is both the object of “选” and the holder of the following role. “当” is more conversational; “为” more formal.
Exemples
- 队员选他当队长。The players choose him as captain.
- 大家选她为小组负责人。Everyone chooses her to lead the group.
“一X比一X”：逐次变化
“一X比一X” for successive change
Repeat the same counting unit to describe change across successive occasions or items. The change need not be equal each time.
Exemples
- 练习以后，他一场比一场打得稳。After practice, he plays more steadily with each match.
- 来参加活动的人一年比一年多。More people attend the event each year.
“于是”：由前事引出后事
“于是” for a consequent action
“于是” links a situation to an action that follows from it, commonly in narratives.
Exemples
- 大家想继续练习，于是又约了一个时间。Everyone wanted more practice, so they arranged another time.
- 她发现材料不够，于是去取了一些。She found there were not enough materials, so she fetched more.
“不得不”：受条件限制的选择
“不得不” for necessity
The two negatives in “不得不” emphasise necessity, often because circumstances rule out alternatives.
Exemples
- 原来的车取消了，我们不得不换一班。Our original service was cancelled, so we had to take another.
- 材料没有送到，工作不得不推迟。The materials did not arrive, so the work had to be postponed.
复习“并”：相关动作
Review: “并” for related actions
“并” links related actions by the same subject.
Exemples
- 她读了邮件，并提出了一个问题。She read the email and asked a question.
- 他存下文件，并把邮件转发给同伴。He saved the file and forwarded the email to his teammate.
复习“然而”：信息的限制
Review: “然而” for a limitation
“然而” links contrasting situations, often in written explanations.
Exemples
- 文章很详细，然而它说的是去年的情况。The article is detailed, but it describes last year.
- 通知已经发布，然而还有一项安排没有确定。The notice has been published, but one arrangement is still undecided.
“赶紧、赶快”：催促行动
“赶紧” and “赶快” for prompt action
Both call for prompt action. “赶紧” often stresses avoiding delay, while “赶快” often stresses speed. Tone depends on the situation.
Exemples
- 快到出发时间了，我们赶紧收拾东西吧。It is almost time to leave. Let’s get our things ready.
- 车已经到了，赶快去门口等吧。The car is here. Go and wait at the entrance.
“仅、仅仅”：限制范围
“仅” and “仅仅” for a limited scope
Both mean “only” or “merely”. “仅” is common in writing; “仅仅” can emphasise the limitation.
Exemples
- 这里仅介绍基本方法。Only the basic method is introduced here.
- 仅仅读一遍，还不能了解全部内容。Reading it only once is not enough to understand everything.
“对于”：引出所谈对象
“对于” introducing a reference point
“对于” introduces the object to which a view or situation relates, often followed by an evaluation, attitude or explanation.
Exemples
- 对于初学者，这段介绍比较容易读。For beginners, this introduction is fairly easy to read.
- 对于这个问题，我们还需要更多材料。We need more material on this question.
“在……方面”：限定讨论范围
“在……方面” for an aspect
This phrase limits an evaluation or explanation to one aspect, without making a claim about others.
Exemples
- 在解释原料方面，这份菜单很清楚。The menu is clear about ingredients.
- 在安排时间方面，她很有经验。She is experienced in scheduling.
“A不如B”：比较
“A不如B” for comparison
“不如” means A is less good than B in the relevant respect; the quality may be stated explicitly.
Exemples
- 这张桌子不如那张稳。This table is less steady than that one.
- 只读一次不如再读一次。Reading only once is less useful than reading again.
“前后”：时间的两端或大致范围
“前后” in time expressions
“前后” can mean before and after an event, or approximately around a stated time. Context distinguishes the meanings.
Exemples
- 测量前后，杯子都放在同一张桌上。Before and after the measurement, the cup remained on the same table.
- 他下午两点前后到达。He arrived at around two in the afternoon.
“已”：已经发生
“已” for “already”
“已” indicates a completed action or change. It is compact and more formal than the common spoken “已经”.
Exemples
- 两盆植物都已长出新叶。Both pots of plants have already grown new leaves.
- 结果已记录在表里。The results have been recorded in the table.
“也许”：保留可能性
“也许” for possibility
“也许” marks a possibility rather than an established fact.
Exemples
- 也许明天会有新的变化。Perhaps there will be a new change tomorrow.
- 这也许与温度有关。This may be related to temperature.
“竟然、确实”：意外与确认
“竟然” and “确实”
“竟然” marks an unexpected fact; “确实” emphasises reality or a supported judgement. They are not interchangeable.
Exemples
- 这盆幼苗竟然长得更高。Unexpectedly, these seedlings grew taller.
- 记录里确实写了测量时间。The record does include the measurement time.
“说不定”：尚未确定
“说不定” for an uncertain possibility
“说不定” introduces an uncertain possibility, commonly in conversation.
Exemples
- 说不定下午就会下雨。It may rain this afternoon.
- 换一个位置，说不定会有不同的结果。A different position might produce a different result.
“即使……也……”：假设让步
“即使……也……” for a hypothetical concession
The first clause sets a hypothetical or extreme condition; the second states what still applies.
Exemples
- 即使只观察一天，也要写清日期。Even if we observe for only one day, we should record the date.
- 即使结果不同，也不能省略记录。Even if the results differ, we must still record them.
“光”：只在一个范围内
“光” meaning “only”
Here “光” means “only”, unlike the noun meaning light. It often precedes a verb to limit the scope.
Exemples
- 光看价格，还不能决定买哪一种。Price alone is not enough to decide which to buy.
- 不能光说，还要实际去做。We should act, not merely talk.
“不仅/不光……还/而且……”：增加一层
“不仅/不光……还/而且……” for an added point
The pattern states one point and adds a related one. “不光” is more conversational; “不仅” also suits writing.
Exemples
- 这个袋子不仅结实，而且方便清洗。This bag is sturdy and also easy to wash.
- 他不光自己带袋子，还提醒家人带。He takes a bag himself and reminds his family too.
“由于”：引出原因
“由于” introducing a cause
“由于” can introduce a noun phrase giving a cause, or a clause explaining one. The result follows. It is relatively formal.
Exemples
- 由于大雨，活动推迟了。The event was postponed because of heavy rain.
- 由于这条路修好了，因此来散步的人更多了。Because the path has been repaired, more people come for walks.
复习“然而”：结果不如表面简单
Review: “然而” for contrasting results
“然而” can add a situation that contrasts with an initial impression, completing an explanation.
Exemples
- 收入增加了，然而费用也增加了。Revenue increased, but so did costs.
- 网上的顾客多了，然而店里的服务仍然重要。There are more online customers, but in-shop service still matters.
“并且”：补充相关情况
“并且” for an added point
“并且” links related points in the same direction, often adding further information.
Exemples
- 他们检查尺寸，并且记录结果。They check the dimensions and record the results.
- 这种袋子结实，并且容易清洗。This bag is sturdy and easy to wash.
“者”：指具有某种行为的人
“者” referring to a person
“者” often follows a verb or verbal expression to form a formal term for a person, such as “使用者”. It cannot naturally attach to every verb.
Exemples
- 使用者可以提出自己的建议。Users can offer suggestions.
- 参赛者需要按时到场。Competitors need to arrive on time.
“共、至少”：总量与最低数量
“共” and “至少” for quantities
“共” gives a total. “至少” states a minimum, without specifying a maximum.
Exemples
- 两项费用共五百元。The two expenses total five hundred yuan.
- 完成这件事至少需要两天。This task needs at least two days.
“而”：连接对照内容
“而” for contrast
“而” links contrasting phrases or clauses, often in developed explanations.
Exemples
- 这是必要而不是多余的支出。This is a necessary, not an unnecessary, expense.
- 收入增加了，而支出没有变化。Income increased, while expenses stayed the same.
“存一点是一点”：小量也有价值
“存一点是一点” recognising small amounts
This conversational pattern recognises the value of even a small amount of an action.
Exemples
- 今天时间不多，读一页是一页。There is little time today; even a page of reading counts.
- 结余不多，存一点是一点。There is not much left, but even a little saved counts.
分数与百分数
Fractions and percentages
A fraction states its denominator, then “分之” and numerator. A percentage uses “百分之” followed by the number. A growth rate needs a stated baseline.
Exemples
- 六千元的三分之一是两千元。One third of six thousand yuan is two thousand yuan.
- 从六千增长到六千六百，是增长了百分之十。An increase from six thousand to six thousand six hundred is ten percent.
“既然……就……”：以已知情况作依据
“既然……就……” from an accepted premise
“既然” introduces an accepted or shared premise; “就” gives a judgement, suggestion or action based on it.
Exemples
- 既然大家都要用，就把说明写清楚。Since everyone will use it, make the instructions clear.
- 既然已经安排了时间，我们就按计划练习。Since time has been set aside, let’s practise as planned.
“收＋人＋做＋身份”
Accepting someone into a role
This structure means accepting someone into a relationship or role, commonly in contexts such as taking an apprentice.
Exemples
- 老木匠收他做徒弟，教他制作木器。The old carpenter takes him as an apprentice and teaches him to make wooden objects.
- 故事里，师傅收那个年轻人做学生。In the story, the master accepts the young person as a student.
“任何”：范围内没有例外
“任何” for any member of a range
“任何” precedes a noun to refer to any member of a range, often with “都” or a negative expression.
Exemples
- 任何人都可以在接待处提问。Anyone can ask questions at reception.
- 没有任何东西放在通道里。Nothing is left in the passage.
“不……也……”：某条件缺少时仍成立
“不……也……” without a condition
The first part denies a condition; “也” introduces what remains possible without it.
Exemples
- 不使用手机，也能向工作人员询问。You can ask staff even without using a phone.
- 不提前报名，也可以来听这场公开介绍。You can attend this public introduction even without registering in advance.
“故意”：有意识地这样做
“故意” for an intentional action
“故意” marks an intentional action. It may be neutral or evaluative and does not necessarily imply a bad motive.
Exemples
- 他故意从一个小细节写起。He deliberately begins with a small detail.
- 她不是故意打断你的，只是没有听见你还在说话。She did not interrupt intentionally; she did not hear that you were still speaking.
“说什么/怎么着也得……”：强调决心
“说什么/怎么着也得……” for determination
These conversational expressions strongly emphasise determination to act regardless of circumstances. They can state the speaker’s own commitment.
Exemples
- 答应了朋友，我说什么也得把这件事做完。I promised my friend, so I am determined to finish it.
- 明天要分享，我怎么着也得先读一遍。The sharing session is tomorrow; I must read it through first, whatever happens.
“本来”：原有情况
“本来” for an original situation
“本来” introduces an original plan, state or expectation, often contrasted with what actually happened.
Exemples
- 我本来想今天去，后来改到明天。I originally planned to go today, then changed it to tomorrow.
- 这间屋本来很安静，活动开始后才热闹起来。The room was originally quiet and became lively when the event began.
“却”：与预期不同
“却” for an unexpected contrast
“却” normally follows the subject and precedes the verb or adjective, marking a contrast with an expectation or previous situation.
Exemples
- 他拿出了琴，却没有开始弹。He took out the instrument, yet did not start playing.
- 这首歌听着简单，练起来却不容易。The song sounds simple, but is not easy to practise.
“没什么好X的”：认为不必如此
“没什么好X的” for no need to do something
This pattern says the speaker considers a reaction unnecessary; “有什么好X的” can express it rhetorically. It may sound dismissive when addressed to others.
Exemples
- 只是把时间改了一下，没什么好担心的。It is only a change of time; there is no need to worry.
- 我们还有时间准备，有什么好着急的？We still have time to prepare. Why rush?
“无忧无虑”：固定表达
The fixed expression “无忧无虑”
“无忧无虑” means carefree. Fixed expressions in the form “无A无B” are not freely formed by substituting any characters.
Exemples
- 照片里，孩子们玩得无忧无虑。In the photograph, the children play without a care.
- 他想起了那段无忧无虑的日子。He remembers those carefree days.
“尽管……但是/可是……”：事实让步
“尽管……但是/可是……” for concession
“尽管” accepts an existing fact before stating an unexpected outcome. Expressions such as “还是” can also introduce the second part.
Exemples
- 尽管时间不多，但是我们聊得很开心。Although time was short, we enjoyed the conversation.
- 尽管外面很冷，他们还是去了公园。Although it was cold, they still went to the park.
“不管/无论/不论……都/也……”：条件变化不影响结果
“不管/无论/不论……都/也……” across conditions
The first part uses question words or alternatives to cover conditions; the second gives an unchanged result. “无论” and “不论” often suit formal language.
Exemples
- 不管谁先到，都在门口等一会儿。Whoever arrives first waits at the entrance.
- 无论下雨还是晴天，今天的室内活动都照常举行。Whether rainy or sunny, today’s indoor event proceeds as scheduled.
“就是……也……”：口语让步
“就是……也……” for conversational concession
Here “就是” means “even if”, followed by “也” to introduce what remains true.
Exemples
- 就是只有十分钟，我也想坐下来听你说。Even if I have only ten minutes, I want to sit and listen.
- 就是今天不出门，我们也有自己的安排。Even if we stay home today, we still have our plans.
“各位、此”：称呼与书面指示
“各位” and “此”
“各位” respectfully addresses several people. Formal “此” means “this”, as in “此处” and “此次”.
Exemples
- 各位，请先看活动介绍。Everyone, please read the introduction first.
- 此处可以借阅图书。Books may be borrowed here.
“全”：范围中的全部
“全” for the whole range
“全” before a predicate indicates no exceptions within the subject’s range. It also appears in expressions such as “全场”.
Exemples
- 参加者全到齐了。All participants have arrived.
- 这些书我全读过了。I have read all these books.
“作为”：说明身份或用途
“作为” for a role or use
“作为” introduces a role, standpoint or use; the following statement should relate to it.
Exemples
- 作为参加者，我想分享一个问题。As a participant, I would like to share a question.
- 这份书目可以作为选书参考。This booklist can serve as a guide to choosing books.
“此外”：增加另一项信息
“此外” for another point
“此外” adds another related point, often in writing.
Exemples
- 现场可以读书。此外，还可以参加分享。Visitors can read on site. There is also a sharing session.
- 这本书介绍街道。此外，它还记录了居民的生活。This book introduces the streets and also records residents’ lives.
“等”：列举后表示还有同类内容
“等” after a list
“等” follows examples to indicate other similar items. “等人” can summarise people just listed.
Exemples
- 这里有历史、自然等方面的书。There are books on history, nature and other subjects.
- 李安、玛雅等人参加了活动。Li An, Maya and others attended.
Questions
Quelle grammaire faut-il pour le HSK 4 ?
Voici les points que le manuel HuWolMont de niveau 4 enseigne vraiment, dans l’ordre des leçons.
Lire l’explication suffit-il ?
Pas tout à fait. Dans l’app, chaque point a ses exercices avec correction immédiate, et chaque leçon se termine par une auto-évaluation.
Tiré des manuels HuWolMont HSK 3.0, rédigés selon le programme HSK 2025.