แหล่งเรียนรู้ · HSK 3.0
ไวยากรณ์ HSK 1
ไวยากรณ์ 77 หัวข้อของตำรา HuWolMont ระดับ 1 เรียงตามเล่ม (24 บท)
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ระดับ 1
介绍姓名：“我叫……”
Giving your name: “我叫……”
Use “我叫 + name” to introduce yourself. “我” refers to the speaker, and “你” refers to the person being addressed. The name follows “叫.”
ตัวอย่าง
- 我叫李安。My name is Li An.
询问姓名：“你叫什么名字？”
Asking someone's name: “你叫什么名字？”
Ask “你叫什么名字？” to find out someone's name. “什么” comes before “名字,” in the position of the information being asked for. Answer with “我叫 + name.”
ตัวอย่าง
- 你叫什么名字？What's your name?
- 我叫林华。My name is Lin Hua.
接着问：“你呢？”
Asking in return: “你呢？”
After answering a question, use “你呢？” to ask the same question in return. In this conversation, it asks for the other person's name.
ตัวอย่าง
- 我叫李安。你呢？My name is Li An. And you?
问候与告别
Greetings and farewells
“你好,” “谢谢” and “再见” are complete expressions in their own right and do not need a subject.
ตัวอย่าง
- 谢谢你！再见！Thank you! Goodbye!
介绍身份：“是”
Introducing an identity with “是”
Use “name or personal pronoun + 是 + identity” to state who someone is or their role.
ตัวอย่าง
- 林华是老师。Lin Hua is a teacher.
- 我是学生。I am a student.
介绍与称呼：“这”“他”“她”“您”
Introducing and addressing people: “这,” “他,” “她” and “您”
Use “这是 + name” to introduce someone present. Continue with “他” for “he” or “她” for “she.” They sound the same but are written differently. “您” is a respectful form of “你” and can be used to address a teacher.
ตัวอย่าง
- 这是玛雅。她是学生。This is Maya. She is a student.
- 林华老师，您好！Hello, Mr Lin!
补充与否定：“也”“不”
Addition and negation: “也” and “不”
“也” means “also” or “too” and comes before verbs such as “是.” “不” comes before a verb to make it negative.
ตัวอย่าง
- 她是学生，他也是学生。She is a student. He is a student too.
- 我不认识他。I don't know him.
并列人名
Names in a list
A Chinese enumeration comma, “、,” can separate names in a list. Here, “玛雅、诺亚” refers to two people.
ตัวอย่าง
- 玛雅、诺亚是同学。Maya and Noah are classmates.
家庭成员与“有”
Family members and “有”
Use “我有 + number + classifier + family member” to introduce a family member. State family size with “我家有 + number + 口人.” “我家” means the speaker's family.
ตัวอย่าง
- 我有一个妹妹。I have a younger sister.
- 我家有四口人。There are four people in my family.
数词与量词
Numbers and classifiers
A classifier often comes between a number and a noun. “个” can be used for people, and “口” for the number of family members. Use “两个人” for “two people.” Use “二” when reading a sequence such as “一、二、三、四.”
ตัวอย่าง
- 一个妹妹one younger sister
- 两个人two people
- 四口人four family members
群体与“都”
Groups and “都”
“我们” includes the speaker, “你们” addresses more than one person, and “大家” refers to everyone in the relevant group. Add “们” to personal pronouns or some nouns for people, as in “我—我们” and “老师—老师们.”
ตัวอย่าง
- “都”表示所说的人全部符合后面的情况，放在“是”等动词前面。本课“我们两个人”指王明和王欣。“都” says that everyone in the group shares the description that follows. It comes before verbs such as “是.” Here, “我们两个人” refers to Wang Ming and Wang Xin.
- 我们两个人都是学生。We are both students.
询问：“……吗？”
Asking a yes-no question: “……吗？”
Add “吗” to a statement to ask a yes-no question. In this conversation, Lin Hua uses “你喝茶吗？” to offer Li An tea.
ตัวอย่าง
- 你喝茶吗？Would you like some tea?
并列：“和”
Linking items with “和”
“和” joins people or things in a list. “茶和水” refers to both tea and water.
ตัวอย่าง
- 我有茶和水。I have tea and water.
请求与数量：“给”“一杯茶”
Requests and quantities: “给” and “一杯茶”
After “给,” name the person receiving something, then the thing given. “请” makes a request polite. In “请给我一杯茶,” “我” is the person receiving the tea.
ตัวอย่าง
- 请给我一杯茶。Could I have a cup of tea, please?
- 我给你一杯水。I give you a cup of water.
- “杯子”指容器。“一杯茶”中的“杯”是量词，表示用杯子来计量茶。数杯子时，可以说“两个杯子”。“杯子” names the container. In “一杯茶,” “杯” is a classifier for a cupful of tea. To count the containers themselves, say “两个杯子.”
评价：“很＋形容词”
Descriptions with “很 + adjective”
Use “很 + adjective” to describe a person or thing. Here, “好” comments on the quality of the tea. “很” is common in simple descriptions and does not always strongly emphasize “very.”
ตัวอย่าง
- 茶很好。The tea is good.
说明归属：“的”
Expressing possession with “的”
Use “name or personal pronoun + 的 + object” to say who owns something.
ตัวอย่าง
- 诺亚的书Noah's book
- 我的手机my phone
- 诺亚的书很好。Noah's book is good.
问主人与问选择：“谁”“哪”
Asking about an owner or a choice: “谁” and “哪”
“谁的书” asks who owns a book. “哪本书” asks which book is being chosen from a group. “本” is the classifier for books. “哪个” also asks for a choice within a known group.
ตัวอย่าง
- 这是谁的书？Whose book is this?
- 你看哪本书？Which book would you like to look at?
继续询问与确认：“呢”“是不是”
Following up and checking: “呢” and “是不是”
After asking who owns one book, “那本书呢？” asks about the owner of the other book. Use “是不是” to check whether a statement is true.
ตัวอย่าง
- 那本书呢？What about that book?
- 这是不是你的手机？Is this your phone?
- “这个”和“那个”可以指近处和较远处的人或物。“这个是我的手机”说明近处这个物品的归属。“这个” and “那个” can refer to a person or thing nearby or farther away. “这个是我的手机” identifies the nearby object as the speaker's phone.
简短的动作：“一下”
A brief action with “一下”
Put “一下” after a verb to describe doing the action briefly. “我看一下那本书，好吗？” asks to have a look at that book. “好吗？” softens the request and invites a response.
ตัวอย่าง
- 我看一下那本书，好吗？Could I have a look at that book?
方位与处所
Position and location
“里、外、上、下、前、后” can follow a noun to describe a position. The named object or space is the reference point, as in “桌子前” (in front of the desk) and “房间外” (outside the room).
ตัวอย่าง
- 椅子在桌子前。The chair is in front of the desk.
- 诺亚在房间外。Noah is outside the room.
“有”“没有”与存在
Existence with “有” and “没有”
Use “place + 有 + person or thing” to say what is in a place. Use “没有” for the negative, rather than “不有.” In speech, “没” can also be used, as in “桌子下没书” (there are no books under the desk).
ตัวอย่าง
- 桌子上有两本书。There are two books on the desk.
- 桌子下没有书。There are no books under the desk.
- 询问某处有没有人或物，可以用“处所＋有没有＋人或物”。Ask whether someone or something is in a place with “place + 有没有 + person or thing.”
“在”与“住在”
Location with “在” and “住在”
“Person or thing + 在 + place” states a location. “在 + place + action” says where an action takes place; the place comes before the action. “住在 + place” says where someone lives.
ตัวอย่าง
- 椅子在桌子前。The chair is in front of the desk.
- 我在房间里看书。I read in my room.
- 我住在这个房间。I live in this room.
“会”与“能”
“会” and “能”
“会 + action” often describes a learned skill. “能 + action” can describe ability or what current conditions allow; context determines the meaning.
ตัวอย่าง
- 我会写汉字。我能读这本书里的三个字。I can write Chinese characters. I can read three characters in this book.
动作与对象
Actions and their objects
In “学汉语,” “读汉字” and “写字,” the action comes before its object. Ask about a skill with “会不会 + action.”
ตัวอย่าง
- 你会不会写这个字？Can you write this character?
字与汉字
Written characters and Chinese characters
“字” means a written character; “汉字” specifically means a Chinese character. “国” carries the meaning country or nation and acts as a word-building element in “中国.”
ตัวอย่าง
- “中国”的“国”是一个汉字。“国” in “中国” is a Chinese character.
钟点
Telling the time
Give hours before minutes: “number + 点 + minutes + 分.” “半” means thirty minutes and follows “点.” For one to nine minutes past the hour, “零” is commonly read before the minutes, as in “八点零五分.” On the hour, simply say “八点”; there is no need to add “零分.”
ตัวอย่าง
- 八点十分。八点半。Ten past eight. Half past eight.
询问时间
Asking the time
Ask the time with “几点.” “现在” means now and can come before or after the subject, before the action.
ตัวอย่าง
- 现在几点？我们现在上课。What time is it now? We are having class now.
分钟与小时
Minutes and hours
“分” gives the minutes in a clock time. “分钟” and “小时” measure a period of time. One hour is sixty minutes.
ตัวอย่าง
- 一个小时是六十分钟。One hour is sixty minutes.
一天中的活动
Activities during a day
“上午,” “中午” and “下午” can come before an action to say when it takes place.
ตัวอย่าง
- 我上午上课，下午读书。I have classes in the morning and read in the afternoon.
动作之后：“后”
After an action: “后”
“下课后” means after a class finishes. Here “后” refers to time, rather than a position behind an object.
ตัวอย่าง
- 下课后，我回家。I go home after class.
主语与动作
A subject and its action
“老师上课” and “学生读书” say who does what. “上课” and “下课” can mark the start and end of a lesson; “上汉语课” specifies the subject.
ตัวอย่าง
- 我们上午上汉语课。We have a Chinese lesson in the morning.
方向与目的
Direction and purpose
“来” describes movement towards the speaker or the narrator’s location. “回家” means returning home. In “来找我,” “找我” states the purpose of coming.
ตัวอย่าง
- 妹妹来找我，我们回家。My sister comes to find me, and we go home.
日期与星期
Dates and days of the week
Dates put the year before the month and day. “号” is common in spoken dates, and “日” in written dates. When giving both a date and a day of the week, it is usual to put the date first. “星期天” and “星期日” both mean Sunday.
ตัวอย่าง
- 十月九号，星期五。Friday, October ninth.
不用“是”的日期表达
Dates without “是”
Dates and days of the week can follow a subject directly without “是.” A calendar heading can also omit the subject.
ตัวอย่าง
- 今天星期五。明天十月十号。Today is Friday. Tomorrow is October tenth.
顺序与时间询问
Order and asking when
“第 + number” expresses order, as in “第一天” and “第二天.” “什么时候” asks when, without restricting the answer to a clock time.
ตัวอย่าง
- 你什么时候学习汉语？When do you study Chinese?
“吃”与“喝”
Eating and drinking
Use “吃” for eating food and “喝” for drinking. “饭” can mean a meal, not only cooked rice.
ตัวอย่าง
- 我吃包子，喝牛奶。I eat baozi and drink milk.
表达喜欢
Expressing preferences
“喜欢” can be followed by a thing or an action. Here, “喜欢吃 + food” expresses a food preference.
ตัวอย่าง
- 我喜欢吃面条儿。I like eating noodles.
方向与返回
Direction and returning
“来” describes movement towards the speaker or a stated reference place; “去” describes movement elsewhere; “回” means return. “到” can mean arrive.
ตัวอย่าง
- 我们下午四点到书店。We arrive at the bookshop at four in the afternoon.
目的与方式
Purpose and means
“去书店看书” gives a destination and then the purpose. “坐车去书店” gives the means of transport before the destination.
ตัวอย่าง
- 我坐出租车去书店看书。I take a taxi to the bookshop to read.
“家”与“坐”
“家” and “坐”
“家” can count shops. “坐车” means travel in a vehicle, while “坐在椅子上” describes sitting. “早” and “晚” can come before an action.
ตัวอย่าง
- 一家书店。请早来。One bookshop. Please come early.
钱数与价格
Money and prices
Put the amount before “元” or “块.” “元” is more formal, while “块” is common in speech; both represent the same unit. Ask a price with “多少钱.”
ตัวอย่าง
- 这本书多少钱？十元。How much is this book? Ten yuan.
数量与部分
Quantities and parts
“百” and “千” mean hundred and thousand. “一半” is half of a whole. “一点儿 + noun” means a small amount.
ตัวอย่าง
- 我买一点儿水果。I buy a little fruit.
复数对象与选择
Plural groups and choices
“这些” and “那些” refer to plural groups, usually nearer and farther away respectively. “哪些” asks which members are meant. It can precede a noun or stand alone when the objects are clear.
ตัวอย่าง
- 你买哪些苹果？我买这些。Which apples are you buying? I am buying these.
量词与数量
Classifiers and quantities
“件” counts items of clothing. “一些 + noun” expresses an unspecified quantity. After an action, “些 + noun” can also express an unspecified quantity.
ตัวอย่าง
- 一件衣服。我买些东西。One item of clothing. I buy a few things.
修饰名词
Modifying nouns
In “新衣服,” “新” directly modifies “衣服.” Longer adjective phrases often use “的” before a noun. A number and classifier usually attach directly to the noun.
ตัวอย่าง
- 很漂亮的衣服。两件衣服。Very pretty clothes. Two items of clothing.
大小与外观
Size and appearance
“大” and “小” describe size; “漂亮” and “好看” describe appearance. Looking nice does not mean an item is the right size.
ตัวอย่าง
- 这件衣服很好看，也很小。This item looks nice and is also small.
群体中的一部分
Part of a group
“有的” and “有些” can refer to some members of a category or a known group. “这些衣服有的大，有的小” describes different parts of the group of clothes.
ตัวอย่าง
- 有些衣服很便宜。这些衣服有的大，有的小。Some clothes are inexpensive. Some of these clothes are large, and some are small.
询问地点和方式
Asking where and how
“哪儿” and “哪里” both ask where. “怎么 + action” asks how. “请问” politely introduces a question.
ตัวอย่าง
- 请问，书店在哪里？怎么去？Excuse me, where is the bookshop? How do I get there?
近处与远处
Near and far
“这里、这儿” refer to a nearby place; “那里、那儿” refer to a farther place. Their exact locations depend on where the speaker is and the context.
ตัวอย่าง
- 我在这里，他在那里。I am here, and he is there.
“边”与位置说明
“边” and describing a location
“边” combines with some position words, as in “前边、后边、外边.” “这边、那边” identify a side or direction. “Place + 是 + noun” identifies what is at a location.
ตัวอย่าง
- 学校前边是书店。There is a bookshop in front of the school.
礼貌称呼
Polite forms of address
“先生” and “女士” can politely address an adult man or woman on their own, or follow a surname. “边” can mean beside, as in “桌子边,” and also forms location words such as “前边” and “外边.”
ตัวอย่าง
- 先生，请问书店在哪里？王女士在这里。Excuse me, sir. Where is the bookshop? Ms Wang is here.
打算与邀请
Intentions and invitations
“要 + action” can express an intention. “要不要” asks whether someone wants to do something. Sentence-final “吧” can make a suggestion or invitation.
ตัวอย่าง
- 我们去书店吧。Let’s go to the bookshop.
许可
Permission
“可以” can express permission or feasibility. “我可以……吗？” asks permission, rather than asking about a learned skill.
ตัวอย่าง
- 我可以看这本书吗？May I look at this book?
时间与交谈对象
Time and participants
“在” can introduce the time of an action. “和” can introduce a person who joins an activity, and “对” can introduce the person addressed; here “对” does not mean correct.
ตัวอย่าง
- 我们可以在下午两点见。我和你去书店。我对老师说话。We can meet at two in the afternoon. I go to the bookshop with you. I speak to the teacher.
感受与程度
Reactions and degree
“觉得” introduces a personal reaction or judgment. “非常” expresses a high degree. “真 + adjective” can express an exclamation. Degree words come before adjectives.
ตัวอย่าง
- 我觉得这歌真好听。I think this song sounds lovely.
“呢”与话题停顿
“呢” as a topic pause
“呢” can follow a topic, creating a pause before the statement continues. “我呢” need not be a follow-up question like “你呢.”
ตัวอย่าง
- 我呢，喜欢听中文歌。As for me, I like listening to Chinese songs.
动物与指称
Animals and reference
“只” counts animals such as cats and dogs. “它” refers to one animal or thing, and “它们” to more than one.
ตัวอย่าง
- 我有两只猫。它们在房间里。I have two cats. They are in the room.
习惯与动作
Habits and actions
“爱 + action” can mean liking to do something. “睡觉” refers to sleeping; “睡” can also be used on its own.
ตัวอย่าง
- 小白爱睡觉。好，你睡吧。Xiaobai likes to sleep. All right, you can sleep.
亲属关系与角度
Family relationships and viewpoints
“哥哥、妹妹” describe sibling relationships; “儿子、女儿” describe a relationship to parents. The same person can be a younger sister and a daughter. “孩子” can mean someone’s offspring, not necessarily a young child.
ตัวอย่าง
- 王欣是王明的妹妹，也是爸爸妈妈的女儿。Wang Xin is Wang Ming’s younger sister and her parents’ daughter.
群体代词
Plural personal pronouns
“他们” refers to a male or mixed-gender group, and “她们” to a female group. They sound the same but are written differently; context identifies the people.
ตัวอย่าง
- 妈妈和姐姐都是家人，我爱她们。My mother and older sister are both family, and I love them.
年龄与名词谓语
Age and nominal predicates
Ask someone’s age with “多大” and answer with “number + 岁.” An age can follow a subject directly without “是.” Here “大” concerns age, rather than clothing size.
ตัวอย่าง
- 王明多大？王明十七岁。How old is Wang Ming? He is seventeen.
询问状态
Asking about a condition
“怎么样” asks about a condition, feeling or evaluation. “天气怎么样” asks what the weather is like, rather than how to do something.
ตัวอย่าง
- 今天天气怎么样？What is the weather like today?
程度
Degree
“有点儿 / 有一点儿 + adjective” expresses a small degree, often an unwelcome feeling. “太 + adjective + 了” expresses a strong reaction; context determines whether it is negative. “一点儿 + noun” describes quantity, while “有点儿 + adjective” describes degree.
ตัวอย่าง
- 有点儿冷。太好了！A little cold. Wonderful!
状态发生变化
A change of state
Sentence-final “了” can mark a new situation. “下雨了” marks the start of rain, and “不下雨了” means the rain has stopped. Related situations can be stated in sequence.
ตัวอย่าง
- 天气冷了。我回家。It has turned cold. I am going home.
生病与就医
Illness and seeking care
“生病了” and “病了” can report becoming ill. “看病” describes seeking medical care, and “看医生” specifies seeing a doctor.
ตัวอย่าง
- 我生病了，要去医院看病。I am ill and plan to seek medical care at the hospital.
否定要求
Negative requests
“请不要 + action” can politely prohibit an action or give a reminder. “不要” does not replace “没有.”
ตัวอย่าง
- 请不要在这里玩。Please do not play here.
回应与词义
Responses and meanings
“没关系” can respond to an apology. In an answer to “星期天有事吗,” “没事” means having no plans. As a noun, “病” means illness, as in “看病”; as a verb, it appears in “我病了.”
ตัวอย่าง
- 对不起。没关系。I’m sorry. That’s all right.
正在进行的动作
Actions in progress
“在 / 正在 + action” marks an action in progress. Sentence-final “呢” can be added. When the context is clear, “action + 呢” can also be used. Here “在” is not a location verb.
ตัวอย่าง
- 我在写字。我正在写字呢。我写字呢。I am writing. I am writing right now. I’m writing.
电话与感知
Telephone calls and perception
“喂” opens a telephone conversation. “听” describes listening, while “听见” describes hearing a sound; “看” and “看见” similarly distinguish looking and seeing.
ตัวอย่าง
- 我听歌。我听见诺亚唱歌。I listen to a song. I hear Noah singing.
称呼与提问
Forms of address and questions
“小 + surname” is mainly for a younger person when the relationship permits it, not an arbitrary way to address strangers. “问一下” softens a question.
ตัวอย่าง
- 我问一下，明天几点上课？May I ask what time class starts tomorrow?
已完成的动作
Completed actions
“了” after a verb can mark a completed action. A past-time word says when it happened; “了” marks completion and is not simply a past-tense ending. Sentence-final “了” can also mark a new situation; use position and context to interpret it.
ตัวอย่าง
- 我做了米饭。下雨了。I cooked rice. It has started raining.
否定过去动作
Negating a past action
Use “没 / 没有 + action” to deny that an action took place, normally removing the completion marker “了.”
ตัวอย่าง
- 我没有做饭。I did not cook.
词语的分离与不同义项
Separable expressions and different senses
“下课” can separate to allow “了” between its parts: “下了课.” “菜” in “两个菜” means dishes; in “买菜,” it often means vegetables or ingredients for cooking.
ตัวอย่าง
- 下了课，我回家。After class, I go home.
愿望
Wishes
“想 + action” can express a wish or intention. Here “想” does not mean miss someone.
ตัวอย่าง
- 我想去中国学习汉语。I want to go to China to study Chinese.
再次与补充
Doing something again and adding information
“再 + action” can mean doing something again, as in “再去中国,” or doing another thing next, as in “今天看这本书，明天再看那本书.” In these uses, the action usually has not happened yet; “再” is not simply a future marker. “还 + action” adds information and does not always mean still. It often comes before the action in a second clause.
ตัวอย่าง
- 我在公司工作，还学汉语。I work at a company and also study Chinese.
工作与分离形式
Work and separable expressions
“工作” can be a verb or a noun. “上班” and “下班” are common combinations. “了” can come between their parts, as in “下了班”.
ตัวอย่าง
- 我在公司工作。我喜欢我的工作。我下了班。I work at a company. I like my job. I have finished work.
学校阶段与“上”
Stages of schooling with “上”
“上小学” and “上大学” mean attending primary school and university. “小学生” and “大学生” name students at those stages. Here “上” does not refer to a position above an object.
ตัวอย่าง
- 姐姐上大学，是大学生。My older sister attends university; she is a university student.
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