مصادر التعلّم · HSK 3.0
قواعد HSK 3
نقاط القواعد (182) في كتاب HuWolMont للمستوى 3، كتابًا كتابًا (56 درسًا).
المعاني والشروح متاحة حاليًا بالإنجليزية فقط.
المستوى 3 · الكتاب 1
“先……然后……”说明顺序
“先……然后……” for sequence
“先” marks the first step, and “然后” introduces what happens next. Their order should match the order of the actions.
أمثلة
- 先看学校的消息，然后记下时间。Read the school’s message first, then note the times.
动词后用“到”说明结果
“到” after a verb for a result
In “收到消息,” “到” shows that the message reached its recipient. In “找到课本,” it shows that the search ended with the textbook being found.
أمثلة
- 我收到了学校发来的消息。I received the message sent by the school.
- 我在桌子上找到了课本。I found the textbook on the desk.
“必须”表示必须做到的要求
“必须” for a requirement
今天必须交作业 states a requirement for that day rather than just a suggestion. 必须 comes before the action.
أمثلة
- 今天必须交作业。The homework must be handed in today.
用“页、段、句”说明文本单位
Counting pages, passages and sentences
“三四页” means about three or four pages. “一段” counts a passage, while “两句” counts two sentences. Each expression counts a different unit.
أمثلة
- 这段有三句，写在书的第五页。This passage has three sentences and is on page five of the book.
“遍”数完整做过的次数
“遍” for a complete repetition
“读了一遍” means reading something through once. “又读了一遍” means reading it through again.
أمثلة
- 这个故事我读了两遍。I have read this story twice.
“回”计次数，“遍”说完整经过
“回” for occasions and “遍” for going through something
去过两回 counts two visits. 读了两遍 stresses going through the reading material twice.
أمثلة
- 我去过那家图书馆两回。I have been to that library twice.
“记下”说留下记录
“记下” for making a record
记下书名 means writing down a book's title as a record. Here 下 marks the result of recording it rather than physical downward movement.
أمثلة
- 我把书名记下了。I wrote down the book's title.
“读得懂”与“读不懂”
“读得懂” and “读不懂”
读得懂 means being able to understand by reading; 读不懂 means being unable to. 得 or 不 goes between 读 and the result 懂.
أمثلة
- 这本书的句子不长，我读得懂。The sentences in this book are not long, and I can understand them.
- 句子太长，我读不懂。The sentence is too long for me to understand.
“我就借这本”强调决定
“我就借这本” for a firm decision
After reading the opening, Maya says 我就借这本 to stress that she has chosen this book. 就 strengthens the decision rather than saying that borrowing has already been completed.
أمثلة
- 我就借这本，下个星期来还。I'll borrow this one and return it next week.
“除了……都……”说明其余范围
“除了……都……” for the remaining group
除了这本，其他两本我都读过 sets this book aside and says that both remaining books have been read. It does not separately state whether this book has been read.
أمثلة
- 这里有三本书，除了这本，其他两本我都读过。There are three books here. Apart from this one, I have read both of the others.
“一直”和“只”
Duration with “一直” and limitation with “只”
“一直” describes something continuing over time. “只” limits its scope. “一直照顾” describes sustained care, while “只写两句” limits the number of sentences.
أمثلة
- 老人一直照顾花园。玛雅只写了两句笔记。The older person keeps caring for the garden. Maya writes only two sentences of notes.
“后来”和“以前”定位时间
Locating events with “后来” and “以前”
“以前” points to a time in the past. “后来” introduces a change that happened after an earlier event.
أمثلة
- 以前邻居们只在路上打招呼，后来也到花园里聊天。The neighbours used to greet each other only in the street; later, they also chatted in the garden.
“其他＋名词”或单用“其他人”
“其他” for the others
The sentence first mentions some neighbours, then uses 其他人 for the remaining people. 其他 can also come before a noun, as in 其他邻居.
أمثلة
- 有的邻居帮忙照顾花园，其他人坐在树下聊天。Some neighbours help care for the garden, while the others sit and chat under a tree.
“把”说明物品的去处
“把” before an object being moved
“把 + object + action + destination” names the object first and then tells where it ends up. “把箱子搬” leaves the result unstated; “把箱子搬进电梯” makes it clear.
أمثلة
- 邻居把箱子放在沙发旁边。The neighbour puts the boxes beside the sofa.
- 我们把箱子搬进了屋子。We carried the boxes into the room.
“一把椅子”中的“把”
“把” as a classifier
In “一把椅子,” “把” counts a chair. In “把椅子放在门边,” it comes before the object whose position is being changed. It has a different function in each sentence.
أمثلة
- 屋子里有一把椅子。请把椅子放在桌子旁边。There is a chair in the room. Please put it beside the table.
“需要＋动词”说做某事的需要 “需要” +
verb for a need
需要我帮您搬吗 asks whether the other person needs this help. 需要 can be followed by the action that is needed.
أمثلة
- 需要我帮您搬吗？Do you need me to help you move these?
“层”说楼层
“层” for floors in a building
层 counts floors in a building. 您住几层 asks which floor someone lives on.
أمثلة
- 您住几层？Which floor do you live on?
“把……搬到……”说明到达的地方
“把……搬到……” for a destination
把箱子搬到五层 uses 到 + place to give the destination. 放在沙发旁边 gives the position where the boxes are placed.
أمثلة
- 我们把箱子搬到五层。We carry the boxes to the fifth floor.
“又……又……”连接两个特点
Describing two qualities with “又……又……”
“又甜又新鲜” describes two qualities of the same watermelon: it is sweet and fresh.
أمثلة
- 这个西瓜又甜又新鲜。This watermelon is both sweet and fresh.
“吃饱了”和“有点儿饿”
Hunger and fullness
“有点儿饿” means feeling a little hungry; “吃饱了” means having had enough after eating. They describe different states before and after a meal.
أمثلة
- 王欣吃饭前有点儿饿，吃饭后饱了。Wang Xin was a little hungry before lunch and full afterwards.
“一碗”表示盛在碗里的量
“一碗” for a bowlful
碗 can name the container or measure an amount of food. 一碗米饭 means a bowl of rice, without specifying a fixed weight.
أمثلة
- 王欣吃了一碗米饭。Wang Xin eats a bowl of rice.
“尝一口”中的“口”
“口” in 尝一口
口 is used with actions such as eating, drinking and tasting. 尝一口鸡肉 means tasting a bite of chicken, not finishing the dish.
أمثلة
- 王明尝了一口鸡肉。Wang Ming tastes a bite of chicken.
“就”限制范围
“就” for a limited scope
就我们一家四口 limits the diners to the four family members. Here 就 marks scope rather than saying an action happens immediately.
أمثلة
- 今天就我们一家四口吃饭。It's just our family of four eating together today.
“比……更……”比较程度
“比……更……” for comparing degree
“这件比那件更合适” compares two garments. “更” says the first is a better fit. The two items being compared need to be clear.
أمثلة
- 这件衬衫比刚才那件更合适。This shirt fits better than the one I tried just now.
“对……来说”说明从谁的角度看
“对……来说” for someone’s point of view
“对我来说” presents what follows as the speaker’s own view; it does not claim that everyone feels the same way.
أمثلة
- 对我来说，穿这双鞋走路很舒服。For me, these shoes are comfortable to walk in.
“一双鞋”中的“双”
“双” for a pair
双 counts a pair. 一双鞋 normally means two matching shoes.
أمثلة
- 她又试了一双鞋，走了几步。She tries on a pair of shoes and takes a few steps.
比较中的“还”
“还” in a comparison
A比B还合适 uses 还 to emphasise the degree of comparison, rather than meaning “still.” This use is close to 比……更…….
أمثلة
- 这件衬衫比刚才那件还合适。This shirt fits even better than the one I tried just now.
“如果……就……”说明条件
“如果……就……” for a condition
“如果” introduces a possible situation; “就” introduces what to do in that situation. In the text, Chen Ping will ask again if he still has questions after reading.
أمثلة
- 如果有不明白的地方，就去服务台问。If anything is unclear, ask at the service desk.
“应该”表示合适的做法
“应该” for an appropriate action
“应该” shows what the speaker thinks is appropriate.
أمثلة
- 办事以前，应该先看清地点和时间。Before arranging a service, you should check the place and time.
“张”数卡片，“种”数类别
“张” for cards and “种” for kinds
一张银行卡 counts a card, while 每种卡 refers to each kind of card. 张 and 种 count different units.
أمثلة
- 我想办一张银行卡。每种卡的要求不一样。I would like to get a bank card. Each kind of card has different requirements.
“只是”限制所做的事
“只是” for limiting an action
只是来问服务时间 limits the purpose of the visit to asking about service hours; 不办别的事 makes that scope clear.
أمثلة
- 我今天只是来问服务时间，不办别的事。I'm just here to ask about service hours today; I'm not arranging anything else.
“带走”中的“走”
“走” in 带走
带走 means taking something away from its original place. 您带走吧 allows Chen Ping to take the leaflet away from the bank.
أمثلة
- 您带走吧。Please take it with you.
“看得清楚”与“看不清楚”
“看得清楚” and “看不清楚”
清楚 describes how clearly something is seen. 看得清楚 means being able to see clearly; 看不清楚 means not being able to achieve that result.
أمثلة
- 这张纸上的字写得很大，我看得清楚。The writing on this sheet is large, and I can see it clearly.
- 字太小，我看不清楚。The writing is too small for me to see clearly.
“向”引出方向
“向” for direction
“向图书馆的方向走” uses “向” to indicate where someone is heading. It does not say that they have arrived.
أمثلة
- 我们向图书馆走去。We walk towards the library.
“经过”说明经过的地方
“经过” for passing a place
“经过学校前面的街” names a place passed along the way; “在路口遇到李安” gives the place where the meeting happens.
أمثلة
- 王明经过学校，在路口遇到了李安。Wang Ming passes the school and meets Li An at the crossing.
“马上”与已经发生的先后
Immediate action with “马上”
“看见朋友，就马上走过去” says that he went over soon after seeing his friend. “马上” signals a short time gap.
أمثلة
- 我看见朋友，就马上走过去。I saw my friend and went over at once.
“半天”和“好久”说时间不短
“半天” and “好久” for a long wait
“半天” literally means half a day. In conversation, it can also mean that an action or wait felt long. “好久没见面” says a long time has passed between meetings.
أمثلة
- 我们站了半天，终于坐下了。We stood for ages and finally sat down.
“辆”和“班”数不同的单位
“辆” and “班” count different units
辆 counts vehicles, while 班 counts scheduled services. 这辆汽车 refers to a vehicle; 这班公共汽车 refers to a scheduled bus service.
أمثلة
- 这辆汽车在车站外面等着接人。This car is waiting outside the station to pick someone up.
“一刻钟”表示十五分钟
“一刻钟” for fifteen minutes
一刻钟 is fifteen minutes and 两刻钟 is thirty minutes. Here 刻 is a unit of time, distinct from the action of carving a woodblock.
أمثلة
- 这班公共汽车一刻钟以后开。This bus leaves in a quarter of an hour.
“在……看来”说明个人看法
“在……看来” for a personal view
“在我看来” introduces the speaker’s own view. The text first reports the people, birds and river that the visitor saw, then gives their impression of the place.
أمثلة
- 在我看来，这段河边的小路很安静。To me, this stretch of riverside path is quiet.
“才”说明时间短
“才” for a short amount of time
“我来这座城市才一天” stresses how little time the speaker has spent here, explaining why they do not know the city well yet.
أمثلة
- 我才来了一天，还不了解这座城市。I have only been here one day, so I do not know the city well yet.
“刚”说事情不久前发生
“刚” for something that has just happened
太阳刚出来 means the sun has only just risen. 刚 comes before the action, with recency understood relative to the situation.
أمثلة
- 太阳刚出来，河边有人跑步。The sun has just risen, and people are running by the river.
“越来越”表示逐渐变化
“越来越” for gradual change
“越来越绿” compares the grass at different times and says it has gradually grown greener.
أمثلة
- 草越来越绿了。The grass is getting greener.
“越……越……”表示两项变化相随
“越……越……” for linked changes
“越看越感兴趣” links two changes: as Noah looks more, his interest grows. Each half of the pattern describes one change.
أمثلة
- 诺亚越看越感兴趣。The more Noah looks, the more interested he becomes.
“只要……就……”说条件
“只要……就……” for a sufficient condition
“只要” introduces a condition, and “就” introduces what happens when it is met. In the text, both suitable weather and free time are part of the condition.
أمثلة
- 只要天气合适，又有时间，我就出去走走。As long as the weather is suitable and I have time, I go out for a walk.
“除了……以外，……也／还……”增加一项
“除了……以外，……也／还……” for an additional item
“除了星期日以外，星期六也会去” adds Saturday to Sunday; both days are included.
أمثلة
- 除了星期日以外，她星期六也会去公园。She goes to the park on Saturday as well as Sunday.
- 这里“还”与“也”都能连接增加的信息。Here 还 and 也 can both introduce the additional information.
- 除了星期日以外，她星期六还会去公园。She goes to the park on Saturday as well as Sunday.
“为了……”说明目的
“为了……” for purpose
“为了锻炼” gives the purpose of the walk; the following action should serve that purpose.
أمثلة
- 为了锻炼，我每天走一会儿。I walk for a while every day for exercise.
“愿意＋动词”说个人意愿 “愿意” +
verb for willingness
愿意和朋友一起散步 means Wang Fang is happy to walk with friends; it does not say that she has to.
أمثلة
- 王芳愿意和朋友一起散步。Wang Fang is happy to go for walks with friends.
“常常”表示经常发生
“常常” for frequent events
常常 describes something that happens often, though not every time. Wang Fang uses it to describe her own walking habits in spring.
أمثلة
- 春天，我又常常走得久一点儿。In spring, I often walk a little longer again.
“特别”强调程度
“特别” for emphasis of degree
特别喜欢 expresses a strong liking. Here 特别 modifies 喜欢 rather than describing an object as unusual.
أمثلة
- 我最近特别喜欢早上走路。Recently, I have especially enjoyed walking in the morning.
“一会儿……一会儿……”说交替
“一会儿……一会儿……” for alternating actions
“一会儿坐着吃东西，一会儿站起来走几步” describes two activities Wang Ming and his sister observe in the afternoon.
أمثلة
- 大熊猫一会儿坐着吃东西，一会儿站起来走几步。The panda alternates between sitting down to eat and getting up to walk a few steps.
“动词＋着＋动词”说伴随动作
Verb + 着 + verb for an accompanying action
“坐着吃东西” tells us that the panda is sitting while it eats.
أمثلة
- 它坐着吃东西。It sits while eating.
“别人”指其他人
“别人” for other people
Here 别人 refers to visitors other than Wang Ming and Wang Xin, without naming any particular person.
أمثلة
- 我们看完了，让别人也到前面来吧。We've finished watching. Let's let others come to the front.
“把……写在……”说明放置结果
“把……写在……” for where a written result goes
“林浩把三次成绩写在本子上” names the results first and then says where he wrote them.
أمثلة
- 林浩把三次成绩写在本子上。Lin Hao wrote the three results in his notebook.
“一边……一边……”说同时进行的动作
“一边……一边……” for simultaneous actions
“一边看比赛，一边记成绩” says that Lin Hao recorded the numbers as he watched the event.
أمثلة
- 林浩一边看比赛，一边记成绩。Lin Hao recorded the results while watching the event.
“米”计长度
“米” for length
米 is a unit of length. In these long-jump results, 四米二十 means four metres and twenty centimetres, or 4.20 metres.
أمثلة
- 王明第二次跳了四米二十。Wang Ming jumps 4.20 metres on his second attempt.
“一共”说合计
“一共” for a total
一共有八名运动员 gives the total number of athletes in the event: eight.
أمثلة
- 比赛一共有八名运动员。There are eight athletes in the event in total.
“不用／不必”说不需要做某事
“不用／不必” for something unnecessary
“不用” and “不必” come before a verb to say that an action is not necessary. In the text, “不用担心” reassures Wang Ming.
أمثلة
- 今天的课你不用担心。You do not need to worry about today's lessons.
- 今天的课你不必担心。You need not worry about today's lessons.
“……的话，就……”说条件
“……的话，就……” for a condition
“明天还发烧的话，就再给老师发消息” makes Wang Ming's condition tomorrow the reason for contacting his teacher again.
أمثلة
- 我明天还发烧的话，就再给老师发消息。If I still have a fever tomorrow, I'll message the teacher again.
“向＋人”引出请求的对象
“向” for the person addressed
向老师请假 uses 向 to identify the person receiving the request for leave, rather than a direction of movement.
أمثلة
- 明天如果还发烧，我会再向老师请假。If I still have a fever tomorrow, I will ask the teacher for leave again.
“跟……一样”说明相同
“跟……一样” for sameness
In the game, the first character of the next word is the same as the last character of the previous word; “校” appears in both “学校” and “校长.”
أمثلة
- 下一个词的第一个字跟上一个词的最后一个字一样。The first character of the next word is the same as the last character of the previous word.
- “校长”的“长”读zhǎng，表示负责人；“长大”的“长”也读zhǎng，表示成长。同一个字在不同词里不一定意思相同。“长” in “校长” is pronounced zhǎng and denotes the person in charge. In “长大,” it has the same pronunciation but means to grow. The same character can have different meanings in different words.
“……以后”说明较晚发生的事
“……以后” for a later event
“玩完以后，他们在桌边聊天儿” says that the conversation happened after the game ended.
أمثلة
- 玩完以后，他们在桌边聊天儿。After the game, they chatted at the table.
“以前／以后、前／后”定位时间
“以前／以后、前／后” for relative time
在游戏开始以前 places an action before the game begins; 游戏结束以后 places it after the end. 在 can be omitted. Shorter expressions such as 游戏前 and 游戏后 also locate events in time.
أمثلة
- 在游戏开始以前，王明先说怎么玩。游戏结束以后，大家在桌边聊天儿。Before the game begins, Wang Ming explains how to play. After it ends, everyone chats at the table.
- 游戏前，王明先说怎么玩；游戏后，大家在桌边聊天儿。Before the game, Wang Ming explains how to play; afterwards, everyone chats at the table.
“关于……”引出主题
“关于……” to introduce a topic
“关于清和河边的旧新闻” tells us what the news item is about.
أمثلة
- 陈悦要讲一条关于清和河边的旧新闻。Chen Yue will introduce an old news item about the Qinghe riverside.
“在……上”说明文字所在处
“在……上” for where text appears
“那条新闻在一张二十年前的报纸上” tells us where the news item appears.
أمثلة
- 那条新闻在一张二十年前的报纸上。The news item appears in a newspaper from twenty years ago.
多项说明放在名词前
Several descriptions before a noun
In “一张二十年前的旧报纸,” the quantity, time, and quality all appear before “报纸” to identify the paper.
أمثلة
- 那条新闻在一张二十年前的旧报纸上。The news item appears in an old newspaper from twenty years ago.
“跟……一样＋形容词”说明程度相同 “跟……一样” +
adjective for equal degree
“新腿跟原来的三条一样长” says that the chair's four legs are the same length.
أمثلة
- 新腿跟原来的三条一样长。The new leg is as long as the other three.
“换下来／换上去”说明动作方向
“换下来／换上去” for the direction of an action
“换下来” says the broken leg comes off the chair; “换上去” says the new leg is fitted onto it.
أمثلة
- 他把坏的腿换下来，把新的换上去。He takes off the broken leg and fits the new one.
“邻居王阿姨”说明同一个人
“邻居王阿姨” names one person
“邻居” and “王阿姨” refer to the same visitor: the first gives her relationship to Zhou Qi, and the second gives the name used for her.
أمثلة
- 邻居王阿姨带着一把旧椅子来找周启修理。Zhou Qi's neighbour, Auntie Wang, brings him an old chair for repair.
“把”字句中的结果与状态
Result and manner after 把
把椅子修好了 uses 好 to mark the successful result of the repair. 把椅子修得很好 uses 得很好 to say how well the repair was done. The sentences focus on result and manner respectively.
أمثلة
- 周启把椅子修好了。Zhou Qi has repaired the chair.
- 周启把椅子修得很好。Zhou Qi repairs the chair very well.
“从……起”说明开始时间
“从……起” for a starting time
“从下周起” says when the new opening hours will begin.
أمثلة
- 从下周起，图书馆星期四开到晚上八点。Starting next week, the library will be open until eight on Thursdays.
“不但……而且……”增加一层信息
“不但……而且……” to add another point
“不但方便陈平，而且让其他人也能来” says that the new hours help more than one reader.
أمثلة
- 新时间不但方便陈平，而且让其他白天上班的人也能来借书。The new hours suit not only Chen Ping but also other people who work during the day.
“大概＋数量”说约数 “大概” +
quantity for an approximate number
“大概十位读者” means the number was close to ten; no exact count is given here.
أمثلة
- 那天晚上，大概十位读者来了。About ten readers came that evening.
“大概”表示估计
“大概” for an estimate
大概 can introduce an approximate number or a judgment that is not certain. 大概还在图书馆 means he is probably there, without confirming his location.
أمثلة
- 他大概还在图书馆。He is probably still at the library.
“到……才……”说动作发生得较迟
“到……才……” for a later action
到晚上六点才下班 means not finishing work until six. In this text, that is when the library used to close, leaving these readers to borrow books at weekends. 才 relates to the timing of the action here.
أمثلة
- 他们常常到晚上六点才下班。They often do not finish work until six in the evening.
“或者”连接两种选择
“或者” between two options
“先读书，或者先听对话” gives two possible first steps; Maya chooses to read.
أمثلة
- 她想先读书，或者先听对话。She wants to read first or listen to a dialogue first.
“动词＋下去”说动作继续
Verb + 下去 for continuing an action
“还想读下去” says Maya wants to keep reading the book after its first two pages.
أمثلة
- 她读完两页，还想读下去。After two pages, she still wants to keep reading.
“喜欢上”说开始喜欢
“喜欢上” for beginning to like something
喜欢上这本书 means coming to like the book. 上 marks the beginning of that feeling rather than an upward direction.
أمثلة
- 读了开头，玛雅就喜欢上这本书了。After reading the opening, Maya comes to like the book.
“动词＋了……就……”说紧接着发生的事
Verb + 了 … 就 … for the next action
“王明读完了第一段，林浩就接着读” says that Lin Hao starts reading immediately after Wang Ming.
أمثلة
- 王明读完了第一段，林浩就接着读。After Wang Ming finishes the first part, Lin Hao starts reading.
- 这里的“就”也可以省略；前后仍是先读完第一段、再接着读的顺序。就 can be omitted here; the order remains finishing the first part and then continuing with the next.
- 王明读完了第一段，林浩接着读。After Wang Ming finishes the first part, Lin Hao continues reading.
“又”说动作再次发生
“又” for an action happening again
In “翻过一页，又翻过一页,” “又” says that the reader turns another page after the first.
أمثلة
- 翻过一页，又翻过一页。They turn one page and then another.
“为”引出目的或原因
“为” for a purpose or reason
为晚会写短文 gives the purpose: preparing for the event. 为同学的话感到高兴 gives the reason for Wang Ming's happiness. 为 is pronounced wèi in both uses.
أمثلة
- 王明和同学为晚会写了一篇短文。Wang Ming and his classmates write a short piece for the evening event.
- 王明为同学的话感到高兴。Wang Ming is pleased by his classmate's words.
“不大不小”说适中的大小
“不大不小” for a moderate size
“不大不小” says that the umbrella is a suitable size for one person.
أمثلة
- 这把伞不大不小，一个人用正好。The umbrella is just right for one person.
“虽然……可是……”连接两面情况
“虽然……可是……” for two contrasting facts
“虽然伞面是纸做的，可是刷了桐油以后，雨水不容易进去” first names the material and then explains how the treated paper works in the rain.
أمثلة
- 虽然伞面是纸做的，可是刷了桐油以后，雨水不容易进去。Although the canopy is made of paper, the tung oil helps keep rainwater out.
“东、南、西、北”说方向
East, south, west and north for directions
Use 东边, 南边, 西边 and 北边 to locate a place relative to another. Two directions can also combine, as in 东北边, “to the northeast.”
أمثلة
- 清和图书馆在中心广场的东北边。车站在广场南边。The Qinghe library is northeast of the central square. The station is south of the square.
“北方、南方”说区域
“北方、南方” for regions
北方 and 南方 can refer to broader northern and southern regions. 广场北边 locates a place specifically in relation to the square.
أمثلة
- 他在北方工作，家人住在南方。He works in the north, while his family lives in the south.
“一所学校”中的“所”
“所” as a measure word for schools
所 can count schools. 一所大学 refers to a university, rather than a class or a classroom.
أمثلة
- 我姐姐在一所大学教汉语。My older sister teaches Chinese at a university.
“比较”说相对程度
“比较” for a relative degree
In “哪种比较甜”, the speaker compares the sweetness of two kinds of apple. 比较 comes before 甜, “sweet”.
أمثلة
- 哪种比较甜？Which kind is sweeter?
“差不多”说接近
“差不多” for things that are close
“这两种苹果大小差不多” means the two kinds of apple are close in size, though they need not be exactly the same.
أمثلة
- 这两种苹果大小差不多。These two kinds are about the same size.
重量单位“公斤、斤”与钱数单位“角、毛”
Weight and price units
公斤 and 斤 measure weight: one kilogram equals two jin, and one jin is half a kilogram. 角 and 毛 both mean one tenth of a yuan; 五角钱 and 五毛钱 are the same amount.
أمثلة
- 这袋苹果有一斤，也就是半公斤。This bag of apples weighs one jin, or half a kilogram.
- 这块糖五角钱，我买了两块，一共一元。This sweet costs five jiao. I bought two for one yuan in total.
“差不多＋动词”表示接近完成 “差不多” +
verb for something almost done
水果差不多买齐了 means the shopping is almost complete, with a small amount still missing. Here 差不多 comes before the action, unlike 大小差不多, which describes similar sizes.
أمثلة
- 水果差不多买齐了，只差一斤香蕉。We have bought almost all the fruit we need; only a jin of bananas is missing.
“只有……才……”说必要条件
“只有……才……” for a necessary condition
“只有报了名，才能参加” says that signing up is required before joining this talk.
أمثلة
- 只有报了名，才能参加。Only those who sign up can attend.
“咱们”包括说话人和听话人
“咱们” includes speaker and listener
When Wang Xin says “咱们一块儿去” to her brother, 咱们 includes both of them.
أمثلة
- 咱们一块儿去，好吗？Shall we go together?
“一块儿”表示一起
“一块儿” meaning together
一块儿去 means Wang Xin and her brother go to the event together. Here 一块儿 modifies 去 rather than counting a piece of something.
أمثلة
- 咱们一块儿去，好吗？Shall we go together?
“一边……一边……”说同时做两件事
“一边……一边……” for simultaneous actions
“一边吃面，一边聊” says that eating and chatting happen at the same time.
أمثلة
- 他们一边吃面，一边聊起各自家里常做的饭。They chat about the meals their families often make as they eat.
“好像”表示不完全确定
“好像” for uncertainty
Maya says there “seem” to be eggs and tomatoes in the fridge because she has not checked yet.
أمثلة
- 冰箱里好像还有鸡蛋和西红柿。I think there may still be eggs and tomatoes in the fridge.
“总是”说一贯的做法
“总是” for a consistent habit
总是先写清单 stresses Noah's consistent habit of making a list before cooking. 总是 comes before the action.
أمثلة
- 诺亚做饭前总是先写清单。Noah always makes a list before cooking.
“三四封”说大约的数量
“三四封” for an approximate number
“三四封信” means roughly three or four letters, without stressing an exact count.
أمثلة
- 我找到三四封小时候写的信。I found three or four letters from our childhood.
“终于”说等待后的结果
“终于” for an outcome after a wait
The sister and her mother had wanted to visit the seaside since spring and made the trip last month. 终于 marks the fulfilment of a wish after a wait.
أمثلة
- 上个月，我们终于去了。Last month, we finally went.
“其实”补充真实想法
“其实” to reveal what one really thinks
The sister once said only “Someday.” With 其实, she now tells Maya that she wanted to go as well.
أمثلة
- 其实我也想去。In fact, I wanted to go too.
“一封一封”表示逐个进行
“一封一封” for doing something one by one
Repeating 一 + a measure word in 一封一封 describes reading the letters one by one. It does not give an approximate total.
أمثلة
- 姐姐把旧信一封一封地读了一遍。Her sister reads through the old letters one by one.
“封”数信件
“封” for letters
封 counts letters. 一封信 means one letter, regardless of how many pages it has.
أمثلة
- 玛雅收到了姐姐寄来的一封信。Maya receives a letter from her sister.
“或者……或者……”列出两种选择
“或者……或者……” for two alternatives
“或者星期六去，或者星期日去” offers two possible days before the friends have decided.
أمثلة
- 或者星期六去，或者星期日去，你觉得呢？Shall we go on Saturday or Sunday?
“一……也没有”强调完全没有
“一……也没有” for none at all
“星期日一场戏也没有” stresses that there are no performances on Sunday.
أمثلة
- 星期日一场戏也没有。There is no performance at all on Sunday.
“根据”说明判断依据
“根据” for the basis of a decision
“根据我查到的时间” shows that Maya compares the travel options using the departure and arrival times she found.
أمثلة
- 根据我查到的时间，早上八点的长途汽车九点半到。According to the times I found, the eight o'clock coach arrives at half past nine.
“该＋动词”说应该做的事 “该” +
verb for what should be done
该去汽车站了 means that, according to the plan, it is time to head to the station. 该 comes before the action.
أمثلة
- 下午五点我们就该去汽车站了。At five in the afternoon, we should head to the coach station.
“或、或者”连接选择项
“或、或者” for alternatives
或 and 或者 can both link alternatives. 坐长途汽车或火车 links two means of transport; 或者星期六去，或者星期日去 links two travel plans. 或 is generally more concise and is common in writing.
أمثلة
- 从清和坐长途汽车或火车都可以。We can take a coach or a train from Qinghe.
- 或者星期六去，或者星期日去，你觉得呢？Shall we go on Saturday or Sunday?
“一定要”表示确定的选择
“一定要” for a firm choice
The friends want to see a play, and there is no performance on Sunday. 一定要星期六去 stresses their firm choice of Saturday.
أمثلة
- 我们一定要星期六去。We have to go on Saturday.
“刚刚”说刚发生的事
“刚刚” for a recent action
我刚刚查了剧场的时间表 says that the speaker checked the schedule shortly before speaking. Here 刚刚 is close in meaning to 刚.
أمثلة
- 我刚刚查了剧场的时间表。I just checked the theatre schedule.
“一……也／都＋不／没……”强调完全否定
A strong negative with 一……也／都＋不／没……
一场戏也没有 means there are no performances at all; 都 can replace 也 here. 不看 negates watching, while 没有 negates the existence of a performance. Choose 不 or 没 according to the meaning.
أمثلة
- 星期日一场戏都没有。There is no performance at all on Sunday.
- 这几场演出都太晚了，我一场也不看。These performances are all too late; I won't watch any of them.
“才”说刚发生的事
“才” for something that has only just happened
我才到剧场 means the speaker has only just arrived. 火车十点半才到 stresses that the train arrives later than the speaker would like. Time expressions and context help distinguish these uses.
أمثلة
- 我才到剧场，你已经在这里等了很久吗？I've only just arrived at the theatre. Have you been waiting here long?
“才不……呢”加强否定
“才不……呢” for an emphatic negative
我才不想迟到呢 strongly expresses the speaker's wish not to be late. Here 才 adds emphasis to the negative, rather than indicating a late time or a small amount. This is conversational; 我不想迟到 is a more neutral alternative.
أمثلة
- 这场戏我等了很久，我才不想迟到呢。I've been waiting a long time for this play. I certainly don't want to be late.
المستوى 3 · الكتاب 2
“看起来”说眼前的印象
“看起来” for a visual impression
“新路看起来比原来宽了” gives Wang Ming's impression from seeing the path; he has not measured its width.
أمثلة
- 新路看起来比原来宽了。The new path looks wider than before.
“看来”说依据所作的判断
“看来” for a judgment from evidence
Wang Ming hears about Wang Fang's experience and walks both branches, then uses 看来 to give his assessment of the repairs.
أمثلة
- 看来，现在走这段路方便多了，大树也留了下来。It seems this stretch is much easier to walk along now, and the tree has been kept too.
“为了”说明目的
“为了” for purpose
The roadside notice uses “为了留下这棵树” to state why the path was divided around the tree.
أمثلة
- 为了留下这棵树，我们在树的两边各铺了一条路。To keep this tree, we laid a path on each side of it.
“中间”说位置
“中间” for a position between things
大树留在两条路中间 places the tree between the two paths. Here 中间 describes a location rather than a time.
أمثلة
- 大树留在两条路中间。The tree stands between the two paths.
“总”说反复出现的情况
“总” for a recurring situation
我总要停下来 describes how Wang Fang repeatedly had to stop and let others pass on busy weekends. 总 stresses that the situation kept recurring.
أمثلة
- 以前周末人多，我总要停下来让对面的人先过。On busy weekends, I used to have to stop and let people coming the other way pass.
“分开”说把东西分成不同部分
“分开” for separating things
“把纸分开” says that the students sort the sheets according to how they have been used.
أمثلة
- 他们把纸分开：两面都有字的，放回书包；只有一面是空白的，才留下来做本子。They sort the sheets: those written on both sides go back into their schoolbags, while only those with one blank side are kept for the notepads.
“该……了”说现在需要做什么
“该……了” for what needs doing now
Once the notepads are ready, Wang Ming says “该把本子放到桌上了” because it is time to set them out.
أمثلة
- 该把本子放到桌上了。It's time to put the notepads on the table.
“把……给……”说把东西交给谁
“把……给……” for giving something to someone
“王明把一个小本子给了他” says that Wang Ming hands a notepad to a visitor.
أمثلة
- 王明把一个小本子给了他。Wang Ming gives him a notepad.
“离不开、完不成、分不开”
Inserting 不 in 离开, 完成 and 分开
不 can go between the two parts of 离开, 完成 and 分开, giving 离不开, 完不成 and 分不开. These forms say that the result cannot be achieved. Context also matters: 活动离不开帮助 means the event needs that help.
أمثلة
- 两张纸粘在一起，分不开了。Two sheets of paper have stuck together and cannot be separated.
“把……送给……”中的“给”
“给” in 把……送给……
In 把小本子送给同学, 送 is the action and 给 introduces the recipient. 把本子给他 also identifies the recipient, using 给 as the verb.
أمثلة
- 王明把小本子送给了那位同学。Wang Ming gives the little notepad to that student.
词尾“家、子、员”
The word endings 家, 子 and 员
作家 refers to a writer, 工作人员 to a member of staff, and 子 helps form the noun 孩子. Endings can offer clues, but the meaning of the whole word still matters.
أمثلة
- 作家许宁来谈新书，想参加的人请先找工作人员拿号码。Author Xu Ning will discuss her new book. Visitors should first get a number from a staff member.
“怎样＋动词”询问做法 “怎样” +
verb to ask how
Li An asks “我该怎样拿号码?” because he wants to know what to do to get a number.
أمثلة
- 我该怎样拿号码？How do I get a number?
“谁……都……”表示不限定哪一个人
“谁……都……” for anyone
“谁有号码都可以参加” means that anyone who has obtained a number may attend.
أمثلة
- 谁有号码都可以参加这次见面会。Anyone with a number can attend the event.
“谁……谁……”用同一个疑问代词呼应
Repeating 谁 to refer to the same person
The two instances of 谁 refer to the same person who meets the condition. Whoever arrives first buys the tickets; the sentence does not specify in advance whether that will be me or my friend.
أمثلة
- 看电影时，我和朋友谁先到，谁就先去买票。When my friend and I go to the cinema, whoever arrives first buys the tickets.
“记住”中的“住”
“住” in 记住
记住 means retaining information in memory. 住 expresses that result. Li An asks how the author remembers events on the street.
أمثلة
- 您怎样记住一条街上这么多事？How do you remember so many things about one street?
处所＋动词＋“来”表示有人出现
Place + verb + 来 for a new arrival
“王明家楼下搬来了一位新邻居” gives the place first, then tells us who has arrived there.
أمثلة
- 王明家楼下搬来了一位新邻居。A new neighbour has moved into the flat below Wang Ming's.
“动词＋来（＋处所）＋时间＋了”说经过的时间
Verb + 来 (+ place) + time + 了 for time elapsed
“我搬来清和三天了” says that three days have passed since Zhao Jing moved to Qinghe.
أمثلة
- 我搬来清和三天了。I've been in Qinghe for three days.
“看上去”说眼前的印象
“看上去” for an impression from appearance
“小区看上去很安静” is Zhao Jing's impression after seeing the neighbourhood.
أمثلة
- 这个小区看上去很安静。The residential complex looks quiet.
“挺”说程度较高
“挺” for quite or rather
挺想走走 expresses a fairly strong wish. 挺 is common in informal speech and can modify adjectives or verbs describing feelings and wishes.
أمثلة
- 你说的那条小路，我也挺想走走。I'd quite like to walk along that path you mentioned too.
处所开头的出现句也可用结果补语
A place-first appearance sentence with a result complement
屋子里摆好了一张桌子 starts with a place, uses 摆好 for the result of arranging something, then introduces the table. 搬来一位新邻居 uses 来 to indicate arrival.
أمثلة
- 屋子里摆好了一张桌子。A table has been set up in the room.
“动词＋宾语＋动词＋得……”说明做得怎样
Repeated verb with 得 for manner
“林浩打网球打得很稳” first names the activity, then describes how he plays.
أمثلة
- 林浩打网球打得很稳。Lin Hao plays tennis steadily.
“比……多＋动词＋数量”比较数量 “比……多” +
verb + quantity
Wang Ming wins six games in the set and Lin Hao four, so Wang Ming wins two more games.
أمثلة
- 王明比林浩多赢了两局。Wang Ming won two more games than Lin Hao.
数量比较中的“少、早、晚”
Comparing fewer, earlier and later
少赢两局 and 多赢两局 describe the same difference from opposite viewpoints. 早到十分钟 and 晚到十分钟 compare two people's arrival times, with a ten-minute difference.
أمثلة
- 林浩比王明少赢了两局。Lin Hao wins two fewer games than Wang Ming.
- 我比朋友早到十分钟。朋友比我晚到十分钟。I arrive ten minutes before my friend. My friend arrives ten minutes after me.
“动词＋起来”说动作开始
Verb + 起来 for an action beginning
“船开起来了” marks the change from standing at the harbour to moving away.
أمثلة
- 船开起来了。The boat has started moving.
“得（děi）＋动词”表示必须做 “得” (děi) +
verb for having to do something
The worker has the task of delivering the books to the school, so he says 我得把它们送过去. Here 得 is pronounced děi and means “have to”; it is not dé, meaning “obtain.”
أمثلة
- 我得把它们送过去。I have to take them there.
“几乎”表示非常接近
“几乎” for almost
几乎没有风 means there is hardly any wind. 几乎坐满 means almost full, with seats possibly still available. The positive or negative expression after 几乎 determines what is nearly the case.
أمثلة
- 海面几乎没有风。There is hardly any wind over the sea.
“形容词＋得很”表示程度高
Adjective + 得很 for a high degree
“脏得很” says that the cuffs of Wang Ming's sports top are very dirty, which is why he brings it to be washed.
أمثلة
- 袖口脏得很。The cuffs are very dirty.
“动词＋结果补语”说明动作的结果
Verb + result complement
“洗干净” says not only that the clothes have been washed, but also that they are clean afterwards.
أمثلة
- 衣服洗干净了，可还是湿的。The clothes are clean but still wet.
“如果……就……”说条件
“如果……就……” for a condition
Lu Qing is not yet sure whether a visit will suit her next week. 如果……就…… links the condition to her plan to message Maya when a visit is possible.
أمثلة
- 下周如果方便见面，我就给你发消息。If a visit works for me next week, I'll message you.
“当然”回应对方
“当然” in a reply
Maya says 当然可以 to show that she readily accepts Lu Qing's arrangement. 当然 strengthens the positive reply.
أمثلة
- 当然可以。我今天发笔记，你不用急着看。Of course. I'll send the notes today; there's no hurry to read them.
“结了婚”中的“了”
“了” inside “结了婚”
结婚 can be separated as 结了婚. Here 了 goes between 结 and 婚 to show that Zhao Jing's sister married last year.
أمثلة
- 我姐姐去年结了婚。My sister got married last year.
“一盘菜”用“盘”计数
“盘” as a measure word for a dish
“四五盘菜” counts plates of food: there will be four or five plates on the table for the family to share.
أمثلة
- 她和爱人准备做四五盘菜。She and her spouse plan to make four or five dishes.
其他动宾离合词
Other separable verb–object words
放假, 见面 and 洗澡 can also take 了, 过 or a quantity expression between their two parts. The examples below give the length of a break, the number of meetings and one instance of having a shower.
أمثلة
- 我们上周放了三天假。We had three days off last week.
- 我和她只见过一次面。I have met her only once.
- 我早上洗了个澡。I had a shower this morning.
“选出”说选到的结果
“选出” for the result of choosing
“选出一本空白本” says that after looking at both kinds, the student has made a choice; 出 marks the result.
أمثلة
- 他最后选出一本空白本。He finally chooses a blank notebook.
“为＋人”引出服务对象
“为” for the person served
为 is pronounced wèi in 为她服务 and introduces the customer receiving the service.
أمثلة
- 一位店员为她服务，把两种本子都介绍了。A shop assistant serves her and introduces both kinds of notebook.
“不一会儿”表示过了很短的时间
“不一会儿” for a short time later
“不一会儿” means that the next event happened shortly after the first one.
أمثلة
- 不一会儿，牛也走到了草地中间。Soon, the cattle reached the middle of the field too.
“别的”指另外的人或事物
“别的” for other people or things
“别的地方” refers to a place other than the field already mentioned.
أمثلة
- 明天带它们去别的地方。We'll take them somewhere else tomorrow.
“头”数牛等动物
“头” for cattle and certain other animals
In 几头牛, 头 counts the animals rather than referring only to their heads. It can be used for cattle and certain other large animals.
أمثلة
- 几头牛走得慢些。A few cattle move a little more slowly.
“关上”中的“上”
“上” in 关上
关上 describes the change from an open door to a closed one. 上 marks the result of closing it.
أمثلة
- 我去把门关上了。I went and closed the gate.
动词短语作主语
Verb phrase as the subject
“离开家这么久” names an experience. In “离开家这么久并不容易,” the whole phrase serves as the subject of the sentence.
أمثلة
- 离开家这么久并不容易。Being away from home for so long is not easy.
“一般来说”引出通常情况
“一般来说” for a general pattern
“一般来说” introduces a general pattern; it does not mean that every place or occasion is exactly the same.
أمثلة
- 一般来说，同一条河的不同地方，不一定同时结冰，也不一定同时化开。In general, different parts of the same river do not necessarily freeze or thaw at the same time.
“不是……吗？”提醒对方共同知道的事
“不是……吗？” for something both speakers know
Wang Cheng uses “你上次不是说……吗？” to recall what his brother said before and suggest a Saturday afternoon visit.
أمثلة
- 你上次不是说想再看看小时候住过的那条街吗？Didn't you say last time that you wanted to see the street where we lived as children again?
“X什么（啊）”中的反问
“X什么（啊）” as a rhetorical question
Here, 谢什么啊 does not ask what the thanks are for. Wang Cheng uses it to mean “No need to thank us” in a relaxed exchange with his brother. The meaning and tone of X什么（啊） depend on the verb and the situation.
أمثلة
- 谢什么啊，你们来，我们也高兴。No need to thank us. We're happy you're here.
“可、可是”连接转折
“可、可是” for a contrast
可 links the changes in the street to the familiar tree that Wang Yuan still recognises. Here it is close in meaning to 可是, “but,” rather than 可以, “can.”
أمثلة
- 有些店不在了，可我还认得出原来学校门口的那棵树。Some shops are gone, but I still recognise the tree outside the old school.
“想起”说回忆出现
“想起” for recalling something
想起小时候的事 means a childhood memory comes back to mind. 起 marks that result here.
أمثلة
- 王诚想起了他们小时候在那里等车的事。Wang Cheng remembers waiting there with his brother when they were young.
“A不比B＋形容词”表示A不更……
“A不比B＋adjective” for A not being more so
“东南不比西南热闹” means the southeast is not livelier than the southwest. By itself, the pattern does not tell us whether the two areas are equally lively.
أمثلة
- 这个时候，东南不比西南热闹。At this time of day, the southeast is no livelier than the southwest.
“被＋动作发出者”说明遭遇
“被＋doer” in passive sentences
“纸杯被风吹到修理店门前” begins with the cups; “被风” identifies the wind as the cause of their movement.
أمثلة
- 几只空纸杯被风吹到隔壁修理店门前。Several empty paper cups were blown to the door of the repair shop next door.
“到处”说范围内的各处
“到处” for places throughout an area
在夜市里到处看了看 means looking around different parts of the market rather than just one stall.
أمثلة
- 清洁员在夜市里到处看了看。The cleaners look around the night market.
“不怎么样”表示评价不高
“不怎么样” for a modest or poor result
Zhou Lan says the first version “didn't work very well.” The text gives concrete reasons: she rushed and the guitar was too loud.
أمثلة
- 第一遍的效果不怎么样。The first version didn't work very well.
“形容词＋极了”表示程度很高
“adjective＋极了” for a high degree
“紧张极了” shows that Zhou Lan feels extremely nervous before going on.
أمثلة
- 晚上上场前，周岚紧张极了。Zhou Lan is extremely nervous before going on that evening.
“喜欢极了、高兴坏了”表示程度强
Strong degree with 喜欢极了 and 高兴坏了
喜欢极了 expresses a very strong liking. 高兴坏了 means extremely happy; 坏了 does not mean something is damaged here. These forms depend on natural combinations and cannot be added freely to every verb.
أمثلة
- 这首歌，李安喜欢极了。Li An absolutely loves this song.
- 演出结束后，周岚高兴坏了。Zhou Lan is delighted after the performance.
“被＋动作”不说出动作发出者
“被＋verb” without naming the doer
“张骞被扣留多年” focuses on what happened to Zhang Qian without naming the doer again; the preceding text has already provided the context.
أمثلة
- 张骞被扣留多年。Zhang Qian was held for many years.
“东方、西方”说方向或地区
“东方、西方” for directions or regions
东方 and 西方 can refer to directions or to broader regions. Here they describe the different regions linked by ancient routes.
أمثلة
- 东方和西方之间的道路和来往逐渐发展。Routes and exchanges between East and West gradually developed.
量词重叠“张张”表示每一张
Repeated measure word “张张” for every sheet
“张张都有‘春’字” means that every sheet Wang Xin prints bears the same character, not just one sheet.
أمثلة
- 张张都有“春”字，字的形状一样。Every sheet bears 春, and the character has the same shape on each one.
量词重叠“个个”
“个个” for every one
个个 means every one within the group being discussed. Here it refers to each participant, while 张张 refers to each sheet of paper.
أمثلة
- 参加体验课的人个个都带回了自己印好的纸。Everyone in the session takes their own prints home.
“节”数课，“张”数纸
“节” for lessons and “张” for paper
一节课 refers to one lesson or session. 三张纸 counts three sheets, regardless of how many characters are printed on them.
أمثلة
- 这一节课介绍木版印刷。This session introduces woodblock printing.
主谓短语作主语
Subject–predicate phrase as the subject
“空调温度调得太低” describes a situation. In “空调温度调得太低让她夜里醒了几次,” the whole phrase names what caused the result that follows.
أمثلة
- 空调温度调得太低让她夜里醒了几次。The air conditioner being set too low caused her to wake several times during the night.
“有些＋形容词”表示一点程度 “有些” +
adjective for a slight degree
In 房间有些冷, 有些 means “a little,” unlike 有些人, where it refers to some people.
أمثلة
- 昨晚房间有些冷，我醒了几次。The room was a little cold last night, and I woke a few times.
形容词性短语作主语
An adjective phrase as the subject
太冷 describes a state. In 太冷让露西睡不好, it serves as the subject and identifies what disturbed her sleep. Unlike 空调温度调得太低, 太冷 does not itself contain a separate subject and predicate.
أمثلة
- 太冷让露西睡不好。Being too cold kept Lucy from sleeping well.
一点儿也不
Not at all
Place “一点儿也不” before an adjective or a verb describing a feeling to make a strong negative statement. “一点儿也不担心” means “not worried at all.”
أمثلة
- 我现在一点儿也不担心踩到裙边了。I'm not worried at all about stepping on the hem now.
先……再……
First ... then ...
“先……再……” shows the order of two actions. The goods for the freezer are put away first; the shelf goods come next.
أمثلة
- 郑松先把冰激凌放进冰柜，再把啤酒搬到货架上。Zheng Song puts the ice cream in the freezer first, then moves the beer onto the shelf.
“哪儿……都……”的任指用法
“哪儿……都……” meaning wherever
In “我去哪儿都带着它,” “哪儿” does not ask for an answer. With “都,” it means “wherever I go.”
أمثلة
- 我去哪儿都带着它。I take it wherever I go.
“什么”的不定指用法
“什么” meaning something unspecified
寄点什么 means sending something that has not yet been chosen. 什么 does not ask the listener for an answer here and does not combine with 都 to mean every possibility.
أمثلة
- 露西想给弟弟寄点什么，还没想好。Lucy would like to send her brother something, but has not decided what yet.
“是……的”表示判断
“是……的” for a speaker's judgment
“这样做是对的” expresses the speaker's judgment. Here “是……的” stresses the teacher's approval of trying again with the cups in switched positions.
أمثلة
- 这样做是对的。That is the right thing to do.
“老”加在姓氏前
“老” before a surname
People who know someone may put “老” before their surname as a familiar form of address. “老何” refers to the staff member surnamed He. Whether to use it depends on the relationship and setting.
أمثلة
- 老何在社区资料室工作了十二年。Lao He has worked in the community records room for twelve years.
“动词＋下来”回顾延续的经历
Verb + 下来 for an experience continuing over time
工作了十二年，一直干下来了 looks back over work that has continued until now. 读下去 looks ahead to continued reading; 干下来 here looks back at a sustained experience.
أمثلة
- 老何在这里工作了十二年，一直干下来了。Lao He has worked here for twelve years, keeping at the job throughout that time.
每过一季……
After each season ...
“每过一季” means the following action happens after every season. Here Fang Hua compares new and earlier notes each season.
أمثلة
- 每过一季，她还把新记录和上一季的放在一起看。After each season, she compares her new notes with those from the last.
只记得……，不记得……
Remembering some details but not others
“只记得……，不记得……” separates what someone recalls from what they do not. Zhao Lan remembers reading and hearing applause, but cannot recall the book's title.
أمثلة
- 我只记得，读完听见了几声掌声。书名我不记得了。I only remember hearing a few claps after I finished. I don't remember the book's title.
“几声”计声音的次数
“几声” for several sounds
几声掌声 counts the sounds heard rather than the number of people clapping.
أمثلة
- 读完听见了几声掌声。I heard a few claps when I finished.
“在……下／中”说帮助条件或活动范围
“在……下／中” for help or the setting of an event
在王芳的帮助下 identifies the help received. 在那次活动中 locates an event within that activity. 下 and 中 here do not describe physical height or position.
أمثلة
- 在王芳的帮助下，旧照片有了文字说明。With Wang Fang's help, the old photograph now has a caption.
- 在那次活动中，赵兰读完书后听到了掌声。At that event, Zhao Lan heard applause after her reading.
处所＋动词＋补语＋了＋人或物
Describing someone or something leaving a place
“墙边飞走了两只鸟” begins with the place, then names what leaves it. “走” in “飞走” indicates departure: two birds that were beside the wall fly away.
أمثلة
- 墙边飞走了两只鸟。Two birds flew away from beside the wall.
أسئلة
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