Sumber belajar · Dasar pelafalan dan penulisan
Kata penggolong
Dalam bahasa Mandarin, bilangan tidak langsung diletakkan di depan kata benda; di antaranya ada kata penggolong. Berikut cara memakainya, dengan sejumlah penggolong di buku level 1–6.
Apa itu kata penggolong
Bilangan tidak langsung diikuti kata benda; di antaranya ada penggolong: yí ge rén (satu orang), liǎng běn shū (dua buku). Penggolong juga dipakai setelah “ini, itu, yang mana”: zhè jiàn yīfu (baju ini).
Sebelum penggolong, “dua” adalah liǎng, bukan èr: liǎng ge, liǎng běn.
- 一个人yí ge rén
- 两本书liǎng běn shū
- 三杯茶sān bēi chá
- 这件衣服zhè jiàn yīfu
个 dan penggolong khusus
个 paling umum dan cocok dengan banyak kata benda, tetapi banyak kata benda punya penggolong sendiri: zhāng untuk benda datar seperti kertas dan meja, tiáo untuk benda panjang seperti jalan dan sungai, zhī untuk banyak hewan, běn untuk buku, jiàn untuk pakaian dan urusan, liàng untuk kendaraan, bēi untuk segelas minuman, dan wèi sebagai sebutan sopan untuk orang.
Saat mempelajari kata benda, hafalkan juga penggolongnya.
- 张zhāng
- 条tiáo
- 只zhī
- 本běn
- 件jiàn
- 辆liàng
- 杯bēi
- 位wèi
Sejumlah penggolong di buku
Inilah kata penggolong yang diajarkan di buku HuWolMont level 1–6, beserta level tempat pertama kali diajarkan.
| Kata | Pinyin | Arti (Inggris) | HSK 3.0 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 口 | kǒu | classifier for family members | Level 1 |
| 个 | gè | classifier used here for people | Level 1 |
| 杯 | bēi | classifier for a cupful | Level 1 |
| 本 | běn | classifier for books | Level 1 |
| 点 | diǎn | o’clock | Level 1 |
| 分 | fēn | minute, in a clock time | Level 1 |
| 分钟 | fēnzhōng | minute, a duration | Level 1 |
| 日 | rì | day of a date, often in writing | Level 1 |
| 元 | yuán | yuan | Level 1 |
| 块 | kuài | kuai; spoken unit for yuan | Level 1 |
| 件 | jiàn | classifier for items of clothing | Level 1 |
| 些 | xiē | some, an unspecified quantity | Level 1 |
| 只 | zhī | classifier for animals | Level 1 |
| 岁 | suì | years old | Level 1 |
| 名 | míng | given name; classifier for people | Level 2 |
| 位 | wèi | respectful classifier for people | Level 2 |
| 米 | mǐ | metre | Level 2 |
| 条 | tiáo | classifier for trousers | Level 2 |
| 间 | jiān | classifier for rooms | Level 2 |
| 张 | zhāng | classifier for beds and tables | Level 2 |
| 碗 | wǎn | classifier for a bowl of food | Level 2 |
| 次 | cì | time; occasion | Level 2 |
| 页 | yè | page | Level 3 |
| 段 | duàn | passage; paragraph | Level 3 |
| 句 | jù | measure word for sentences | Level 3 |
| 遍 | biàn | time, for an action from start to finish | Level 3 |
| 把 | bǎ | marker before an affected object | Level 3 |
| 层 | céng | floor; storey | Level 3 |
| 种 | zhǒng | kind; type | Level 3 |
| 双 | shuāng | classifier for a pair | Level 3 |
| 刻 | kè | a quarter of an hour | Level 3 |
| 辆 | liàng | classifier for vehicles | Level 3 |
| 棵 | kē | classifier for trees | Level 3 |
| 封 | fēng | measure word for letters and emails | Level 3 |
| 公斤 | gōngjīn | kilogram | Level 3 |
| 斤 | jīn | jin, 500 grams | Level 3 |
| 毛 | máo | one tenth of a yuan | Level 3 |
| 角 | jiǎo | one tenth of a yuan | Level 3 |
| 局 | jú | game, a unit within a tennis set | Level 3 |
| 盘 | pán | set, a group of tennis games | Level 3 |
| 节 | jié | festival, in 过节 (celebrate a festival) | Level 3 |
| 道 | dào | a measure word for dishes | Level 4 |
| 千克 | qiānkè | kilogram | Level 4 |
| 克 | kè | gram | Level 4 |
| 篇 | piān | a measure word for articles and other written texts | Level 4 |
| 份 | fèn | a measure word for copies and documents | Level 4 |
| 台 | tái | a measure word for certain machines | Level 4 |
| 趟 | tàng | a measure word for trips | Level 4 |
| 公里 | gōnglǐ | kilometre | Level 4 |
| 摄氏度 | shèshìdù | degree Celsius | Level 4 |
| 片 | piàn | a measure word for an expanse | Level 4 |
| 身 | shēn | a measure word for something covering the body | Level 4 |
| 倍 | bèi | a multiple; times | Level 4 |
| 座 | zuò | a measure word for mountains and buildings | Level 4 |
| 列 | liè | column; measure word for columns or rows | Level 4 |
| 顿 | dùn | measure word for meals | Level 4 |
| 部 | bù | measure word for films and works | Level 4 |
| 幅 | fú | measure word for paintings | Level 4 |
| 首 | shǒu | measure word for songs | Level 4 |
| 秒 | miǎo | second (unit of time) | Level 4 |
| 场 | chǎng | measure word for events and games | Level 4 |
| 项 | xiàng | measure word for items | Level 4 |
| 期 | qī | measure word for issues or instalments | Level 4 |
| 朵 | duǒ | measure word for flowers | Level 5 |
| 眼 | yǎn | measure word for a glance | Level 5 |
| 吨 | dūn | tonne | Level 5 |
| 批 | pī | batch; shipment | Level 5 |
| 架 | jià | measure word for aircraft | Level 5 |
| 副 | fù | measure word for a pair or set | Level 5 |
| 群 | qún | a group; group | Level 5 |
| 颗 | kē | measure word for small round objects | Level 5 |
| 阵 | zhèn | measure word for a brief spell or gust | Level 5 |
| 厘米 | límǐ | centimetre | Level 5 |
| 所 | suǒ | measure word for schools | Level 5 |
| 届 | jiè | measure word for successive events | Level 5 |
| 束 | shù | measure word for a beam of light | Level 5 |
| 类 | lèi | type; class; measure word for a category | Level 5 |
| 伙 | huǒ | measure word for a group, informal and tone-dependent | Level 5 |
| 套 | tào | classifier for a home | Level 5 |
| 堵 | dǔ | classifier for walls | Level 5 |
| 支 | zhī | a measure word for pens and brushes | Level 5 |
| 匹 | pǐ | a measure word for horses | Level 5 |
| 度 | dù | degree, a temperature unit | Level 5 |
| 顶 | dǐng | measure word for hats | Level 6 |
| 样 | yàng | kind; item, as a measure word | Level 6 |
| 番 | fān | a round or spell of an activity | Level 6 |
| 卷 | juàn | volume; division of a documentary work | Level 6 |
| 章 | zhāng | chapter | Level 6 |
| 栋 | dòng | measure word for buildings | Level 6 |
| 户 | hù | measure word for households | Level 6 |
| 艘 | sōu | measure word for vessels | Level 6 |
| 尺 | chǐ | chi, a unit of length; ruler | Level 6 |
| 毫米 | háomǐ | millimetre | Level 6 |
| 寸 | cùn | cun, a traditional unit of length | Level 6 |
| 毫升 | háoshēng | millilitre | Level 6 |
| 款 | kuǎn | measure word for a model or design of a product | Level 6 |
| 成 | chéng | one tenth; ten per cent | Level 6 |
| 枝 | zhī | branch; measure word for a flowering stem | Level 6 |
| 株 | zhū | measure word for an individual plant | Level 6 |
Untuk saat ini arti dan penjelasan tersedia dalam bahasa Inggris.
Pertanyaan
Bolehkah selalu memakai 个?
Dalam percakapan 个 sering bisa dipakai, terutama untuk orang dan benda, dan kamu tetap dipahami; tetapi dengan banyak kata benda terdengar janggal, dan ujian menuntut penggolong yang tepat.
Sebelum penggolong memakai 两 atau 二?
两: 两个人, 两本书. 二 dipakai saat berhitung dan dalam bilangan seperti 十二.
Dasar pelafalan dan penulisan
- Pinyin untuk pemulaCara kerja pinyin: inisial, final, dan nada; bunyi beraspirasi dan tidak; lidah datar dan melengkung; -n dan -ng; serta aturan penulisan yang paling sering salah.
- Nada dan perubahan nadaCara mengucapkan empat nada dan nada netral, letak tanda nada, dan tiga perubahan nada yang muncul di level 1: dua nada ketiga, “一” dan “不”.
- Aturan urutan goresanAksara Mandarin tersusun dari beberapa goresan dasar yang ditulis dengan urutan tetap. Kuasai tujuh aturan dan kamu bisa menebak urutan sebagian besar aksara.
Dari buku HuWolMont HSK 3.0, disusun sesuai silabus HSK 2025.